Electronic business

Electronic business E-business (electronic business) can simply be described as a wider concept that embraces all aspects of the use of information technology in business. It doesnt just deal with buying and selling it also deals with the servicing customers and collaborating with business partners and with organisation. An example of is Amazon, they deal with the selling of books and music cds online. They act as the middlemen in between the publishers and the consumers. E-business is any business process that is empowered by an information system. E-business can be divided into three parts namely business to consumer, business to business and business to employee. Today, this is mostly done with Web-based technologies. Electronic business methods enables companies to link their internal and external processes more efficiently and flexibly, work more closely with suppliers and partners to better satisfy the needs and expectations of their customers. In practice, this involves the introduction of new re venue streams through the use of electronic commerce, the enhancement of relationships between clients and partners and improving efficiency from using knowledge management systems. E-business can be conducted over the public Internet, through internal intranets and over secure private extranets. E-business covers business processes along the whole value chain: electronic purchasing (e-procurement) and supply chain management, processing orders electronically, customer service and cooperation with business partners. This applies to traditional and virtual organisations. Special technical standards for e-business facilitate the exchange of data between companies. E-business software solutions allow the integration of intra and inter firm business processes. Applications can be divided into three categories: A) Internal business systems: Customer relationship management Internal transaction processing Human resources management Process control Employee information portals Workflow management Enterprise resource planning Knowledge management Document management systems B) Enterprise communication and collaboration Content management system E-mail Voice mail Discussion forums Chat systems Data conferencing Collaborative work systems C) Electronic commerce- Business-to-business electronic commerce or business-to-consumer electronic commerce Electronic funds transfer Supply chain management E-marketing Online transaction processing Scope of e-business applications These applications can be available to different kinds of users: All users of the internet Only the employees on the intranet A specified targeted group of users of an extranet (like customers, partners etc.) E-business offers the opportunity to rethink a whole range of assumptions about how businesses operate, how they relate to their customers and supplies, and their roles and position in the wider market place. The drivers for e-business can be divided into the follows: Opportunities and Threats. Opportunities E-business gives the opportunity to choose a business model. Some organisations such as prudential assurance with Egg and Co-operative Bank with smile have launched different internet businesses, and have taken the opportunity to establish a new brand which might be more representative of their business vision for the future of their business, that an old long-standing brands. E-commerce also gives the opportunity to define the relationship with customers. I.e. routine service transactions are under the customers control. The customer is encouraged to learn the script for example the process associated with placing an order. This learning increases the barriers to switching. Customer knowledge: This embeds the collection of data which give the organisation an upper hand over rivals for example my bank. My bank knows my by name and address which can help stop crime. Cost saving on transactions can be considerable because the customer takes responsibility for a large element of the service transaction. Access to global markets: This takes place mostly in niche markets; access to such global markets has provided welcome opportunities for small businesses and entering the global market is challenging. Threats Barrier of entry are minimal. It takes short period of time to implement web presence and thereby to launch a new business. Size doesnt matter and indeed small and medium sized companies may be more flexible and adaptable. Increase customer expectation about choice, especially in relation to wide product range, the opportunity to undertake comparison shopping, and 24-hour availability. Pressure on product margins. Markets that have pressure on product margins, additional pressure will arise from an additional channel of delivery. Virtual organisations (VO) This is a temporary network of independent companies- supplies, customers, even rivals- linked by information technology to share skills, costs, assets, ideas to create, distribute product and services with out being limited by traditional boundaries or locations and gaining access to one anothers markets. Virtual organisation has many locations and need to communicate between those locations, to share information and work collaboratively on that shared information to produce joint products and services, with the use of information systems. From my point of view virtual organisation can be described as A virtual organisation is an opportunity-pulled and opportunity defined integration of core competencies of different partners which is based on information systems. In a virtual organisation a single project can run across different partners on basis of computer support. In a virtual organisation experts can be accessed through the computer network. In a virtual organisation participants interact with each other as team members within computer supported collaborative work. In a virtual organisation, companies must be connected electronically so that people within an organisation can inter-operate and intra-operate across the electronic business environment, using common tools to navigate around the e-business environment and share information. Virtual organisation will have neither central office nor an organisation chart. This type of organisation will have no hierarchy and no vertical integration. The purpose of such an organisation is to or alliance is to command speed and flexible in order to: Break down market barriers to new products by rallying the required skills and expertise from groups, individuals, and even rivals from outside organisational boundaries. Gain access into new markets and technologies. For this type of organisation to exist they must have the following: Adaptability, flexibility and responsiveness to change requirements and conditions. Effectiveness. Empowerment of staff. Low level of bureaucracy. High infusion of IT to support business processes and knowledge workers. Stewardship of expertise, know-how and knowledge. Dispersion of components parts. The success factors for such organisations are: Shared risks. Mutual benefits. Trust. A shared vision. The goals of a virtual organisation are: Excellence: each partner brings its core competence. Utilization: resources of partners are utilized more profitably. Opportunism: market opportunity can be met better together than by each individual company. Any of these factors can change the opportunism that led to the formation of a virtual organisation may lead to its demise. The bad thing about this organisation is that when they is a conflict, misunderstandings or unforeseen event the organisation has few established procedures to deal with the negotiation and conflict resolution. In a virtual organisation a key component to have is a virtual team. A virtual team is an evolutionary form of network organisation enabled by advances in information and communication technology. The opportunistic nature of such alliances suggests that they will generally be short term and exist only until after their objective has been achieved. The five main attributes of a virtual organisation are alliance for a common goal, underlying information and communication technologies, vertical integration, globalization, and collaboration. The member companies may then disband and proceed to create new partnerships. In reality the permanence of alliances an d the way in which virtual organisations mutate will depend on the interdependencies between the member the members, and the extent to which original objectives evolves into new shared objectives. Organisations are driven to become VO due to different situation: Needs for process innovation companies are often motivated by competitive pressures, supply, demands and other factors to achieve increased productivity and quality. Sharing of core competencies- VO (virtual organisation) help address the voids in an organisation for example the starting up, turn over and retirements. Mobile workers- VO (virtual organisation) concepts can help the numerous companies employing mobile staff such as auditors, consultant and technicians. Cost reduction- improving efficiency often means reducing overhead, such as redistributing cost over several partners locations. Changes in employee values and attitudes toward work- quality of life are a major factor in keeping and employing staff. Costs and problems of traveling- VOs (virtual organisation) address transportation issues, such as unpredicted commuting time, traffic hassles, the cost of fuel and environmental impact of commuting. For an organisation to be able to implement VOs (virtual organisation) it will include: Telecommuting the partners employees work at a location away from the usual workplace such as at home or mobile locations. Tele-centres these satellite offices typically are located in communities outside of local area but provide space, equipments for employees commonly not available in telecommuting. Mobile working this refers to the working environment of mobile workers who are required to use technology such as mobile phones, e-mail wireless devices, pagers and laptops. Hot desking is when employees of an organisation temporary physical occupy a work station or surface in the organisation or a partners organisation. Hoteling employees of this organisation dont have traditional office space in a building but instead work from home or the road and reserve conference rooms or offices at a building, usually the companys headquarters, when they need to meet with clients, colleagues, or their departments. Virtual team is a group of employees that work in a Geographically Dispersed Team (GDT), space, and organisational boundaries with links strengthened by webs of communication technology i.e. e-mail, groupware or video conferencing. Technologies In E-business technology is any thing that facilitates and constrains the development of e-business. Most of the excitement around e-business is integrally associated with the potential of the internet, and more specifically the web. Whiles these technologies are important let us not forget that in e-business, especially in business-to-consumer applications, is concerned with allowing customers access through whichever channel they choose for example mobile phones, personal digital assistants (PDA) with WAP display or public access kiosks i.e. in airports, railway stations, and shopping centres. So in other words customer will want to be able to access information in the move, as well as through fixed machines at home or at work. The only problems with this is that the products been viewed can not be touched, smelt, or seen like in a traditional shop. An advantage of these e-businesses is that a customer can go to a virtual mall and collect information on a product, compare prices with similar products and also check details of the product. The main technologies that I will be talking about will be: The internet. The World Wide Web. Intranet and Extranets. The term internet and World Wide Web are often used interchangeably. These two are not the same thing. The internet is a collection of interlinked computer networks or a network of networks while the World Wide Web comprises of those servers linked to the internet that use HTTP. The defining characteristic of the web is that websites or documents are linked to one another through hyperlinks which are embedded in the website. Users move from one site to another with the help of hyperlinks. Another concept that is often encountered in the internet world is that of the intranet. An intranet is an organisations internal communication system that uses internet technology. Intranet is a web browser and graphical user interface. While the internet offers access to its contents for almost any member of the public, intranet have strict access controls in form of passwords and firewalls. These security devices protect company web pages, document databases and other information from external access. These are useful for large companies operating from several places. Extranet is an extended intranet that gives access to users beyond the organisation such as customers, suppliers, collaborators and some times competitors. Extranet also have security devices that protect information from other internet users and define the level of access for approved users. The internet connects millions of computers and the rate of increase in use and the new subscriber are the growth day by day all over the world. This is why a lot of companies are very excited and invest a lot of money in the e-business area of there company. For companies the internet is the gateway to a huge market its just a matter of finding your niche. An example of a very success internet company that we all know is Amazon. Most companies find it important to have a presence online in form of a website, since the internet is becoming a cheaper way of promotion and visibility. For customer the internet is a gateway to information, commercial and government websites, software and document archives, and e-mail. The internet offers for both the customer and companies a rich seam of information and commercial transactions and commerce. Relationship between E-business, Virtual Organisation, and Technology. The relationship between e-business, virtual organisation and technology are that virtual organisation needs e-business and technology. In virtual organisation technology is important because virtual organisation needs these technologies such as the internet to form and re-form alliances and to create blurred boundaries of the organisation, break down barriers to entry and gain access to new markets. It also needs technology for security issues, compatibilities and interoperability, payment mechanism and mobile network channel capacity. It needs e-business because e-business embraces all aspects of information technology in business i.e. security issues related with data security and payment mechanisms, reducing costs, improved customer service and increased competitive edge. This includes buying and selling, collaborating with business partners and the integration across business processes and communication within the organisation. Technology has also helped the virtual organisation advance information and communications technologies. It has also have in flexibility, improved security, low costs, and improved resource utilization. Technology has helped communication to allow members separated by time and space and often culture, geography, history and future to engage in collaborative work. E-business technology is important because e-business needs technology to be able to embrace information technology for example without the internet e-business will not be able to care out tasks like buying and selling online, communicating with customers, companies being able to promote and be visible online. So without technology they will be no e-business. Virtual organisation can be related to e-business only if a company is involved in a temporary network of independent companies linked by information technology to share skills, costs and access to one anothers markets or to produce a product or service. Virtual Organisations and e-business are related to technology or work hand to hand because without them the relevant technologies would not have being created for example in e-business the online transaction processing would have being useless because they will be no need for online transaction without the introduction of e-business. In the case of virtual organisation technology has help make it work for example the internet has made it easy for a virtual organisation to form and re-form alliances and to create blurred boundaries of the organisation, break down barriers to entry and gain access to new markets. Technology has also helped virtual organisation advance information and communications technologies. It has also have in flexibility, improved security, low costs, and improved resource utilization. Technology has helped communication to allow members separated by time and space and often culture, geography, history and future to engage in collaborative work. Benefits of E-business are that it gives the opportunity to choose a business model, it redefines the business relationship, it introduces cost saving for the company i.e. advertising or overhead costs, it gives the company access to new global markets, the company gets introduced to E-commerce, it gives companies like banks Customer knowledge for instant knowing the customer by first name. Benefits of technology are better communication i.e. able to reach more people with the help of the internet, saves on over head costs, it introduces cheaper ways of promotion and been visible to the customers and potential customers, technology gives better storage methods i.e. banks storing information on the magnetic strip of a credit/debit card or super markets storing information on a bar code, it introduces better ways of communicating. Benefits of virtual Organisation are the partners share risks, share costs, it breaks down market barriers to new products by rallying the required skills and expertise from groups, individuals, and even rivals from outside organisational boundaries, it give the partners access into new markets, expertise and technologies, it introduces increased flexibility of organisations and finally it improves customer relations for the partners. Conclusion As discussed I believe that technology, virtual organisation and e-business work to complement each other. Technology is important for both e-business and virtual organisation because both need some sort of technology to be able to exist or work for example virtual organisation can not succeed without technology. It needs technology to set up a networks, communications, security and e-business cant exist without the help of technology because technology is needed to embrace information technology foe example support the internet, World Wide Web, electronic mail, groupware such as lotus and video conferencing. In terms of technology without e-business and virtual organisation the technologies will not be designed or created for example in e-business the online transaction processing would have being useless because they will be no need for online transaction without the introduction of e-business. Technology has also helped virtual organisation advance information and communications t echnologies. It has also have in flexibility, improved security, low costs, and improved resource utilization. Technologies has helped communication or have meetings to allow members separated by time and space and often culture, geography, history and future to engage in collaborative work.

The News Industry in Light of the Internet

The introduction of the virtual communication medium has impacted many industries of the world. This has been mostly due to the widespread use of the internet as well as the easy access, navigation and availability of this medium for the customers. The internet medium has become a new mode for branding, establishing relations with friends, contacts and clients as well as reaching out to the customer. This paper however focuses on how the internet and its evolution have impacted the News industry. The changes that have taken place in the News industry are explored and a prospective future of the news industry is provided in the highlight of present scenario.Impact on News IndustryThe presence of the internet has spawned an information revolution all around the world. This is directly impacting the news industry in world by changes the roles and identities of the press as the main product that is provided by the news industry is the dispersion of information to the public.The ease of n avigation and information dispersion provided in the internet has enables anyone at all to be a source of information. Many community websites have been created by local journalists and web programmers which provide information on current events, happenings as well as a brief overview of the regional news through these websites to the consumers. Moreover the internet has a global audience and it is possible for people anywhere in the world to access the information as long as it is available on the internet.With the increased popularity and traffic that is going on the internet, the trend for people accessing news related information form the internet ahs also increased. People are now accessing online feeds of current affairs, world news, and weather as well as lifestyle news from popular news sites on the internet. This means that the news industry is facing a reduction in the demand and sales of news papers. People find it much more convenient to access news on the internet at th eir comfort without having to subscribe or pay for it. However some website and news providing companies online do ask for subscription but it is usually a one time process and does not require significant investment of money or time.The changing lifestyles of the people pertaining to their orientation towards technology and the increase in popularity and demand of gadgets like PDAs, hand held smart phones, and internet based communication devices is enabling consumers to access information form anywhere at any time by just logging on to the internet.Changes in the News IndustryOver the period of time the News industry has had to face many challenges pertaining to technology. These came in the form of the radio and the television. However the news industry adapted to these changes and incorporated them in its infrastructure. The internet industry also proposes similar challenges to the News industry and as has been observed, it has made significant changes to the nature of the indus try.In the online documentary of ‘News War’ by Frontline, the American News Industry is analyzed. Specific interviews from industry leaders and prominent figures in the news and media industry are depicted. According to the documentary it was highlighted that the core audience of the News industry is decreasing. This is mostly due to the fact that the main audience for the industry is getting old, and the younger generation tends to seek News and related information through the internet and other mediums. According to a survey states in the documentary that American people who are under the age of 25 usually tend to seek information through shows like The Daily Show. (‘News War’, Frontline)The companies in the news industry on the other hand are recruiting similar popular program like the Daily show in their news and journalism segments on their channels in order to improve their ratings. The impact for this has been that the renowned journalists are refusi ng to continue their contracts with the news companies. One such example is Ted Coppel from ABC Nightline. In drastic actions the News paper owners are also cutting down their field staff.Dean Baquet the previous Managing Director for Tribune said â€Å"†The people who own newspapers †¦ are beholden to shareholders† and â€Å"They want for the paper to be highly profitable, and sometimes that view of what a newspaper is supposed to be and my view, which is that a newspaper is a public trust, sometimes they come into conflict.† (‘News War’, Frontline)Jeff Fager from 60 Minutes clearly stated that the future of the news industry lies with collaboration with the internet medium. He mentioned that â€Å"We haven't seen the model for how broadcast journalism is going to end up on the Internet, but †¦ it has to go there. I mean, you don't see anybody between 20 and 30 getting their news from the evening news; you see them getting it online.† (‘News War’, Frontline)However such notions are put of by the internet news providers the like of Yahoo and a Google as they claim that they only report on the news which is reported through the reputable news channels. As a result of the channels and the news industry is to stop investing in their field staff and their infrastructure then the whole of the news industry is going to fail, including the online news providers.As a result collaboration between the current news industry and the internet news providers is essential for the future of the company. John Carrol form Los Angeles time supported this notion by stating that â€Å"I estimate †¦ that 85 percent of the original reporting that's done in the United States is done by newspapers. They're the people who are going out and knocking on doors and rummaging through records and covering events and so on. And most of the other media that provide news to people are really recycling news that's gathered by n ewspapers.† (‘News War’, Frontline)Future of the News IndustryInternet has made way with the gatekeeper of information making it accessible to all. The future of the News industry is very dynamic as the internet provides the industry with unlimited opportunities pertaining to communication which can be used as a business process as well as a product offering by the companies in the news industry.However the presence of the internet is also changing the way journalists, politicians and consumers conduct their business and carry out their activities as a result in the future it is also possible for newspapers as we know them to be eliminated. However instead of it new technologies and products which dispense news will come about. The most recent of these products is the emergence of online blogs, RSS feeds to websites and online newspapers. A prosperous news industry is only able to exist if the companies in the industry strive to adapt to the technology of internet instead of fight against it.Referencesâ€Å"How the net is transforming news†, BBC Online, 2006, accessed November 30, 2007 from http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/4630890.stmâ€Å"News War†, Frontline, 2007, accessed November 30, 2007 from http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/film/newswar/Cryns, D.S., â€Å"Impact of the Internet: Newspaper Industry†, 2002, University of Maryland, accessed November 30, 2007 from http://www.grin.com/en/catalog/business-economics/business-economics-marketing-corporate-communication-crm-market-research/ The News Industry in Light of the Internet The introduction of the virtual communication medium has impacted many industries of the world. This has been mostly due to the widespread use of the internet as well as the easy access, navigation and availability of this medium for the customers. The internet medium has become a new mode for branding, establishing relations with friends, contacts and clients as well as reaching out to the customer. This paper however focuses on how the internet and its evolution have impacted the News industry. The changes that have taken place in the News industry are explored and a prospective future of the news industry is provided in the highlight of present scenario.Impact on News IndustryThe presence of the internet has spawned an information revolution all around the world. This is directly impacting the news industry in world by changes the roles and identities of the press as the main product that is provided by the news industry is the dispersion of information to the public.The ease of n avigation and information dispersion provided in the internet has enables anyone at all to be a source of information. Many community websites have been created by local journalists and web programmers which provide information on current events, happenings as well as a brief overview of the regional news through these websites to the consumers. Moreover the internet has a global audience and it is possible for people anywhere in the world to access the information as long as it is available on the internet.With the increased popularity and traffic that is going on the internet, the trend for people accessing news related information form the internet ahs also increased. People are now accessing online feeds of current affairs, world news, and weather as well as lifestyle news from popular news sites on the internet. This means that the news industry is facing a reduction in the demand and sales of news papers. People find it much more convenient to access news on the internet at th eir comfort without having to subscribe or pay for it. However some website and news providing companies online do ask for subscription but it is usually a one time process and does not require significant investment of money or time.The changing lifestyles of the people pertaining to their orientation towards technology and the increase in popularity and demand of gadgets like PDAs, hand held smart phones, and internet based communication devices is enabling consumers to access information form anywhere at any time by just logging on to the internet.Changes in the News IndustryOver the period of time the News industry has had to face many challenges pertaining to technology. These came in the form of the radio and the television. However the news industry adapted to these changes and incorporated them in its infrastructure. The internet industry also proposes similar challenges to the News industry and as has been observed, it has made significant changes to the nature of the indus try.In the online documentary of ‘News War’ by Frontline, the American News Industry is analyzed. Specific interviews from industry leaders and prominent figures in the news and media industry are depicted. According to the documentary it was highlighted that the core audience of the News industry is decreasing. This is mostly due to the fact that the main audience for the industry is getting old, and the younger generation tends to seek News and related information through the internet and other mediums. According to a survey states in the documentary that American people who are under the age of 25 usually tend to seek information through shows like The Daily Show. (‘News War’, Frontline)The companies in the news industry on the other hand are recruiting similar popular program like the Daily show in their news and journalism segments on their channels in order to improve their ratings. The impact for this has been that the renowned journalists are refusi ng to continue their contracts with the news companies. One such example is Ted Coppel from ABC Nightline. In drastic actions the News paper owners are also cutting down their field staff. Dean Baquet the previous Managing Director for Tribune said â€Å"†The people who own newspapers †¦ are beholden to shareholders† and â€Å"They want for the paper to be highly profitable, and sometimes that view of what a newspaper is supposed to be and my view, which is that a newspaper is a public trust, sometimes they come into conflict.† (‘News War’, Frontline)Jeff Fager from 60 Minutes clearly stated that the future of the news industry lies with collaboration with the internet medium. He mentioned that â€Å"We haven't seen the model for how broadcast journalism is going to end up on the Internet, but †¦ it has to go there. I mean, you don't see anybody between 20 and 30 getting their news from the evening news; you see them getting it online.â₠¬  (‘News War’, Frontline)However such notions are put of by the internet news providers the like of Yahoo and a Google as they claim that they only report on the news which is reported through the reputable news channels. As a result of the channels and the news industry is to stop investing in their field staff and their infrastructure then the whole of the news industry is going to fail, including the online news providers. As a result collaboration between the current news industry and the internet news providers is essential for the future of the company.John Carrol form Los Angeles time supported this notion by stating that â€Å"I estimate †¦ that 85 percent of the original reporting that's done in the United States is done by newspapers. They're the people who are going out and knocking on doors and rummaging through records and covering events and so on. And most of the other media that provide news to people are really recycling news that's gathered by newspapers.† (‘News War’, Frontline)Future of the News IndustryInternet has made way with the gatekeeper of information making it accessible to all. The future of the News industry is very dynamic as the internet provides the industry with unlimited opportunities pertaining to communication which can be used as a business process as well as a product offering by the companies in the news industry. However the presence of the internet is also changing the way journalists, politicians and consumers conduct their business and carry out their activities as a result in the future it is also possible for newspapers as we know them to be eliminated. However instead of it new technologies and products which dispense news will come about. The most recent of these products is the emergence of online blogs, RSS feeds to websites and online newspapers. A prosperous news industry is only able to exist if the companies in the industry strive to adapt to the technology of intern et instead of fight against it.Referencesâ€Å"How the net is transforming news†, BBC Online, 2006, accessed November 30, 2007 from http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/4630890.stmâ€Å"News War†, Frontline, 2007, accessed November 30, 2007 from http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/newswar/view/Cryns, D.S., â€Å"Impact of the Internet: Newspaper Industry†, 2002, University of Maryland, accessed November 30, 2007 from http://www.grin.com/en/preview/8270.htmlHendriks, P., â€Å"Newspapers, a Lost Cause: Strategic Management of Newspaper Firms in the United States and the Netherlands†, 1999, Publisher: Kluwer Academic Pub, ISBN-10: 079235608XHudson, K., â€Å"The impact of blogs on the news industry†, accessed November 30, 2007 from http://www.helium.com/tm/70207/before-popularity-blogging-internet

Manas National Park or Manas Wildlife Sanctuary Essay

Manas National Park or Manas Wildlife Sanctuary is a Wildlife Sanctuary, UNESCO Natural World Heritage site, a Project Tiger Reserve, an Elephant Reserve and a Biosphere Reserve in Assam, India. Located in the Himalayan foothills, it is contiguous with the Royal Manas National park in Bhutan. The park is known for its rare and endangered endemic wildlife such as the Assam Roofed Turtle, Hispid Hare, Golden Langur and Pygmy Hog. Their goal is to be able to fully fund the preservation and keep the sanctuary alive and thriving for many years to come. This is an effort that will take everyone that is involved help. One particular ecological uniqueness is the vegetation: The Burma Monsoon Forests of Manas lie on the borders between the Indo-Gangetic and Indo-Malayan biogeographical realms and is part of the Brahmaputra Valley Biogeographic Province. The combination of Sub-Himalayan Bhabar Terai formation with riverine succession leading up to Sub-Himalayan mountain forest makes it one of the richest biodiversity areas in the world. The main vegetation types are: Sub-Himalayan Light Alluvial Semi-Evergreen forests in the northern parts. * East Himalayan mixed Moist and Dry Deciduous forests (the most common type). * Low Alluvial Savanna Woodland, and * Assam Valley Semi-Evergreen Alluvial Grasslands which cover almost 50% of the Park. Animals in the sanctuary: * The sanctuary has recorded 55 species of mammals, 380 species of birds, 50 of reptiles, and 3 species of amphibians. Out of these wildlife, 21 mammals are India’s Schedule I mammals and 31 of them are threatened. The fauna of the sanctuary include Asian Elephants Indian Rhinoceros, Gaurs, Asian Water Buffaloes, Barasingha, Tigers, Leopards, Clouded Leopards, Asian golden cat, Capped Langurs, Golden Langurs, Assamese Macaques, Slow Loris, Hoolock Gibbons, Smooth-coated Otters, Sloth Bears, Barking Deer, Hog Deer, Sambar Deer and Chital. * The park is well known for its rare and endangered wildlife which is not found anywhere else in the world like the Assam Roofed Turtle, Hispid Hare, Golden Langur and Pygmy Hog. Manas houses about 380 species of birds. Manas have the largest population of endangered Bengal Florican. The major other birds includes Giant Hornbills, Jungle Fowls, Bulbuls, Brahminy Ducks, Kalij Pheasants, Egrets, Pelicans, Fishing Eagles, Serpent Eagles, Falcons, Scarlet Minivets, Bee-Eaters, Magpie Robins, Pied Hornbills, Grey Hornbills, Mergansers, Harriers, Ospreys and Herons. Two major biomes exist in Manas and they are the grassland biome and the forest biome. The biological interrelationship among the life forms in the area pretty much coexists with each other as anywhere else in the world where there are predators and prey but with the help of people to govern their environment a little bit so that the species survive and don’t become extinct. Their was quite a bit of human intrusions precisely a century ago the British Government declared Manas as a protected area and hunting and killing of wildlife was banned. In 1928, the name Manas Wildlife Sanctuary was inscribed and by 1955 Manas was approximately 391sq kms large. Manas Wildlife Sanctuary was declared as a Tiger Reserve in 1973; which was amongst the first in the country and was also declared as the World Heritage site under the N (ii) (iii) (iv) in the year 1985. In 1989, the status of â€Å"Biosphere Reserve† was also granted to Manas. In the year 1990, the center declared this region as â€Å"Manas National Park†. A lot of effort has been made and achievements such as at least 47 poachers around the Manas National Park surrendered to MMES their hand made guns. MMES have employed most of these ex-poachers as guards paying them monthly salaries. MMES also established the MMCA or the Conservation Area which the society is responsible for. Constructing roads and bridges in the area and maintenance of these roads for the past few years have been solely the MMMES achievements. Domestic as well as foreign tourists visit the place and eco-tourism is gaining momentum. MES is eagerly looking for donations so that their enthusiasm and willingness to support conservation takes a materialistic path. Most of the times MMES is in need of funding and they depend on the tourists or contributors to help them financially. If Manas revives back to a stable state which I think is quite possible, MMES would have played a herculean role in this effort. In fact, the Maozigendri boys are an example for the youth of this country to step forward and protect Mother Nature who is most vulnerable to destruction. The Manas Maozigendri Eco-tourism society stands tall as an exemplary organization with a lot of passion and tremendous wildlife conservation values. So we as that people began to participate and support our wildlife preservations and the diversity of the area. Preservation through Communication Preservation through communication can be reached through publications, newsletters and community and outreach activities. Teaming up with Wilderness Committee’s to host an educational slideshows. Things like this can be very informative for example â€Å"Over 50 people came out to listen to Caribou Biologist, Dave Quinn, discuss one of BC’s most endangered species. Over 700 people attended the Hyde Creek Salmon Festival in November and NWPS was one of the many environmental groups in attendance.   They provided a relevant presentation about wildlife as a feature of the festival. Thanks to a large number of volunteers, NWPS is able to continually update their website to provide current, interesting information. Through their ‘Passion for Wildlife’ program they engage a number of people in the preparation of educational information about the wildlife they seek to preserve. Each year many members of the public visit this website to access current information about its wildlife education and habitat stewardship programs, as well as up to date information about wildlife in British Columbia. †¢ Preservation through Education Another way is through education through the Wildlife Education Programs in schools, language centers, seniors’ homes and community centers throughout the region. Through these programs people will be provided with information on wildlife in BC, endangered species and environmental issues. Each year they provide an entertaining and informative wildlife presentation for over 700 school-aged children. †¢ Preservation through Involvement The NWPS had launched the Nature Walk & Workshop Program in 2005. Seven classes from the Lower Mainland participated in the Nature Workshop program and visited one of the following natural areas: Lighthouse Park, Bear Creek Park, Capilano River Park, or Burnaby Lake Park.   Through this program, students learn about wildlife, visit wildlife habitats and participate in stewardship activities. Many individuals visit natural spaces and learned about wildlife in BC through their Owl Prowl field trips and a special Earth day program. †¢ Preservation through Stewardship Having the community to assist in the preservation through stewardship in another avenue. In celebration of Earth Day 2005, NWPS hosted a trail restoration event in Deep Cove, BC. Over 20 volunteers and community members assisted the District of North Vancouver Parks Department by helping restore a section of the popular Baden-Powell trail. At the end of the day, our team had built an 11-step staircase on the trail and had planted many tree seedlings Animal Rescue Calendar – Supporting Animal Rescue Groups Supporting animal rescue groups is a very good way to support preservation. This year NWPS produced a TISOL Animal Rescue Calendar. They reached another 5,000 people and cemented working relationships with over 12 groups. They have planned for this campaign to break-even for this year and have established a platform for greater success in the future. †¢ Outreach Funding – Support from Communities Annual outreach campaigns can reach people out of your arm reach. And you do this by asking them to engage in supporting the environment through our education programs. If intrusion goes unchecked the lost for the preservation will be great. We really have to look at the big picture here when we see this because it is not a small problem, to some it may be but this kind of intrusion could cause many species to become extinct. Can you imagine ten years from now not being able to show your child, or grandchildren what a Bengal Tiger looks like. I mean to literally not be able to visit the zoo and have to tell you child that this particular animal no longer exists. This will happen to many species if certain precautions are not takes. Wildlife is just as valuable as our own; it creates a balance here on this earth. Reference http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/338 http://www.wild-india.com/WildlifeSanctuaries/manas-wild-sanctuary.html

A Passage To India by E.M. Forster - 1224 Words

In A Passage To India, E.M. Forster uses the technological infrastructure motif to support his theme that people from vastly different backgrounds have difficulty forming true friendships. He contrasts the stately, structured English architecture with the chaotic, organically-inspired Indian architecture and the high-tech, powerful English automobiles with the more primitive transportation alternatives that the Indians possessed. Forster then uses this technological gulf as a metaphor for the significant social stratification between and different cultural mores of the English and the Indians in colonial Indian society. When Mrs. Moore and Dr. Aziz begin to become close, Dr. Aziz’s self-consciousness about his meager abode ultimately leads to a conflict that severs their friendship. Forster also uses the pretentious English clubhouse as a polarizing backdrop when the English glitterati squash Miss Quested’s initial attempts to befriend Indians. Then, when Miss Quest ed and Dr. Aziz visit the Marabar caves, they arrive using primitive transportation (i.e., elephants and horses). After Miss Quested panics and falls down the hill, Mrs. Derek serendipitously arrives to sweep her away in a fancy automobile, leading to the ultimate rupture of any friendship between Miss Quested and Dr. Aziz. Through Forster’s use of this technological infrastructure motif, he vividly demonstrates the separation in power and social class between the ethnic groups in colonial India which,Show MoreRelatedA Passage to India by Forster650 Words   |  3 Pagesnovel, A Passage to India, Forster expresses this male dominance by writing, â€Å"He took no notice of them, and with this, which would have passed without comment in feminist England, did harm in a community where the male is expected to be lively and helpful† (Forster 52). They say that to be female is to be passive, agreeable, timid, emotional, and conventional. The feminist theorists’ a rgument of a male centered society is definitely present in the novel A Passage to India. E.M. Forster revealsRead MoreE.M Forster’s novel A Passage to India1026 Words   |  5 PagesLeonard Woolf considers E.M Forster’s novel A Passage to India to be a representation of ‘’the real life of politics in India, the intricacy of personal relations, the story itself, the muddle and the mystery of life’’ (Jay, 1998). Fosters novel has been the subject of literary criticism from many angles given the highly controversial subject matter which is called into question as to whether it is a genuine representation of India under colonisation written from an objective experience, and whetherRead MoreThe Negative Representation of the East in E.M. Forster’s A Passage to India836 Words   |  3 PagesIn this paper I would like to argue that E.M. Forster’s A Passage to India has represented the East in a negative way. This is a traditional n ovel for exploring themes of racism and the effects of colonialism. It deals with the tensions between India and the Britain during the British Raj in India. The theme which determines the plot-line of this novel is introduced in the beginning through the conversation of Hamidullah, Mahmoud Ali and Aziz as† They were discussing as to whether or no it is possibleRead MoreE M Forster and the British Raj in a Passage to India Essay1327 Words   |  6 PagesAmong these writers E.M. Forster made a mark in the literature of his age through his last novel A Passage to India (1924), which was entirely different from Forsters other novels in that it dealt with the political occupation of India by the British, a colonial domination that ended soon after the publication of this novel. Forster, a liberal and humanist in outlook, emphasised the importance of love and understanding at the personal level in this novel. Edward Morgan Forster was born in LondonRead MoreEssay on A Passage to India1304 Words   |  6 PagesTherefore, E. M. Forster, author of A Passage to India, uses such techniques to portray the true nature of reality. The conflict between Adela, a young British girl, and Aziz, an Indian doctor, at the Marabar Caves is one that implements multiple modernist ideals and is placed in British-India. In this novel, Forster shows the relations and tension between the British and the Indians through a series of events that were all caused by the confusing effects of modernism. E.M. Forster implements suchRead MoreSummary Of A Passage Of India 1404 Words   |  6 PagesEnglish Journey To India In the novel, A Passage to India, E.M. Forster describes how the heritage and civilization of India profoundly differs from England when a class of English set foot in Indian territory with detrimental effects to follow. Introduction Cultural Background of India and England Entering the Caves Detrimental Effects Courthouse Letters with Aziz Assumptions Conclusion Ameera Salman Mrs.King AP English 11 December 2, 2014 The novel, A Passage to India, starts off by statingRead More The Important Role of the Marabar Caves in A Passage to India2630 Words   |  11 PagesThe Important Role of the Marabar Caves in A Passage to India      Ã‚  Ã‚   During the fourteen years that followed the publication of Howards End, Edward Morgan Forster underwent a harsh mood change that culminated in the publication of A Passage to India, Forsters bitterest book (Shusterman 159).   Forster was not alone in his transition to a harsher tone in his fiction.   A Passage to India was written in the era that followed the First World War.   George Thomson writesRead MoreSummary Of A Passage Of India By Quot. Forster1475 Words   |  6 PagesA Passage to India, written by E.M. Forster, is a story of human relations between the British colonists and the people of India. Dr. Aziz, a native Indian and main character in the novel, is extremely frustrated of the way others think about these two cultures together. Some may say it s the position of superiority the British hold that the Indians perceive as degrading. Throughout the novel there is a clear tension between the natives and the colonists that relate to both fictional and historicalRead MoreAnalysis Of Forster s The White Man s Burden 852 Words   |  4 Pages 2. E. M. Forster’s A Passage to India: colonization: emancipation and the bridge of cultural interaction ‘Since freedom is our natural state, we are not only in possession of it but have the urge to defend it’ Étienne De La Boà ©tie Take up the White Man s burden– Read More An Inward Collapse of the Human Perspective in Forsters A Passage to India3965 Words   |  16 PagesCollapse of the Human Perspective in Forsters A Passage to India      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The reverberation of sound in the form of an echo is threaded throughout E.M. Forsters A Passage to India, and the link between the echo and the hollowness of the human spirit is depicted in the text. The echo is not heard in the beginning of the text when the English newcomers, Mrs. Moore and Ms. Quested, arrive in India; it is more clearly heard as their relationship with India gains complexity. The influence of the colonizers