Building a Company Without Borders

HBR. ORG Bart Becht is the CEO of Reckitt Benckiser, headquartered in Slough, England. Building a Company Without Borders An Italian Is Running The Uk Business A Dutchman Is Running The U. S. Business An American Is Running The German Business By Bart Becht A Frenchman Is Running The Russian Business An Indian Is Running The Chinese Business A Belgian Is Running The Brazilian Business T The Idea You may never have heard of Reckitt Benckiser, but in the past few years the company has outperformed its rivals P&G, Unilever, and Colgate in growth—even during the downturn. Here’s how. ey say you can’t go home again. If you work for Reckitt Benckiser, you can go home—but you may not want to, and you certainly won’t have to. Many companies, when they describe themselves as global, mean they have operations around the world, they work virtually and in all time zones, and their key people are developed through stints in other markets. Our version is more comprehensive. Most of our top managers haven’t held jobs in their countries of origin for years and view themselves as global citizens rather than as citizens of any given nation. We have operations in more than 60 countries. Our top 400 managers represent 53 di erent nationalities. We’ve spent the past 10 years building this culture of global April 2010 Harvard Business Review 103 This article is provided compliments of Reckitt Benckiser Group. HOW I DID IT mobility because we think it’s one of the best ways to generate new ideas and create global entrepreneurs. And it has paid o . Products launched in the past three years—all the result of global cross-fertilization—account for 35% to 40% of our net revenue. For example, Finish, an all-in-one dishwasher tablet you drop into your machine, is now the leader in its market category. Recently we successfully introduced QuantuMatic—an automatic dispenser of dishwasher detergent that doesn’t need to be re lled for up to a month. With constant innovation like this we’ve enjoyed steady, pro table growth, even during the downturn. Since 2005 we’ve outpaced all our big competitors. During the recession we’ve invested more than ever in marketing, and we grew at a rate of 8% (at constant exchange rates) in 2009. A Company Without a Country The RB â€Å"Powerbrands† Though the company’s corporate brand recognition is very low, its products are well-known. RB focuses on 17 powerbrands: Air Wick Calgon (water softener) Cillit Bang Clearasil Dettol Finish French’s PREVIOUSLY ELECTRASOL Gaviscon AMERICA IN NORTH Harpic Lysol Mortein Mucinex Nurofen Strepsils Vanish Veet Woolite 104 Harvard Business Review April 2010 Reckitt Benckiser resulted from a merger in 1999 of Reckitt & Colman—a British purveyor of household cleaning products with a great stable of brands—and the Dutchlisted Benckiser, a much smaller but betterperforming consumer goods company. But we don’t want to be known as an AngloDutch enterprise, or by any other label based on our operations or history. We’re not any country’s company—we’re a truly multicountry company. That is by design. Postmerger we mixed the national cultures quickly in every corner of our operations. Premerger many of the local businesses had been running themselves more or less independent of the rest of the world and without regard to overall corporate priorities. We transferred people who embodied RB’s values into key positions in new markets. Managers from one side of the merger were purposely moved to another territory, and then moved again. Now in every country we have people of many nationalities as well as local citizens. Today an Italian is running the UK business, and an American is running the German business. A Dutchman is running the U. S. business, an Indian the Chinese business, a Belgian the Brazilian business, and a Frenchman the Russian business. It’s not that you can’t advance at RB in your local company. You can. But we also offer unique global mobility and experience to people who want to grow their careers on a world stage. To facilitate this mobility, we established compensation rules that apply equally to our top 400 managers in all markets, making international transfers easy. We have just one employment contract, and our salary ranges were developed with global benchmarking. Our annual cash bonus structure and long-term incentive plans are the same for everyone, as are our pensions, medical plans, and other benefits. We have no expatriates in the traditional sense, no tax equalization or guarantee of a job back in one’s home country. When employees take jobs in other countries, they’re transferred as â€Å"local hires. † We’ve built in standard protocols to make it easier for people with families to move. For example, we fund whatever school the employee chooses for his or her children because we understand how important that is to a family’s adjustment. That way, we can instantly accomplish a transfer—we don’t have to negotiate a lot of convoluted contractual nonsense. We have moved people to new countries in as little as two days. We also do something pretty rare with graduates. In some markets we help foreign students to get work permits in the countries where they’ve been studying. The very fact that they have traveled to study means they are internationally minded and thus likely to be keen to work in other countries as well. At a lot of companies it’s assumed that employees, having â€Å"seen the world,† will sooner or later return to their home countries to continue their careers. Our idea is that you focus primarily on the best job possible for you, regardless of country. That kind of life isn’t for everyone, and not everyone has to follow that path. But those who love it really love it. It’s exciting, and it gives pace, challenge, learning, and a buzz to people’s careers—along with the satisfaction of being able to be entrepreneurial and innovative. We try to put our high potentials in stretching situations around the globe. For example, we had one excellent employee who wanted to be moved to an international marketing job. We had an opening in India, but that would have been a poor choice for him—he’s Indian. Our previous three marketing people in India were German, French, and British. If this employee wanted to grow, he needed to acquire different experiences and learning, so a better development opportunity would be for him to work in Brazil or Mexico. Our high potentials have to find their footing very quickly, and most of them grow tremendously when we take them out of their familiar zone. This article is provided compliments of Reckitt Benckiser Group. HBR. ORG Reckitt Benckiser at a Glance A DECADE OF GROWTH , MILLIONS , ?, ? Total , Net Revenue (? M) , , , , , , , OPERATING PROFIT , Operating Pro? t (? M) NET REVENUE , Employees ?, ? , Total , Net Revenue (? M) Operating Pro? t (? M) Employees SOURCE RECKITT BENCKISER Even their failures in new markets are important learning experiences for our high potentials. One of our top managers, who is Dutch, still talks about the hard lesson he learned when we transferred him to Turkey. In The Netherlands, where he had worked before, billing and receivables were predictable and orderly. In Turkey the currency suddenly collapsed by 70%—while he was focusing on market share rather than on delinquent receivables. As he puts it, there’s nothing like a currency failure to change your views on tight financial management. If you don’t express your opinion, you don’t have an opinion, and that’s a fatal weakness for people who want to do well at Reckitt Benckiser. That means our meetings are a bit chaotic. Everybody wants to be heard, so it’s more like an Italian family dinner than a nicely organized board meeting. What takes over in our meetings is an intensity and a feeling that we have to ght for better ideas. Con ict is good. We don’t care about consensus. Not having it doesn’t slow us down and doesn’t mean that people aren’t aligned. We make decisions fast and then all stand behind them. What isn’t tolerated is conflict that simply slows down decision making or is for political or personal gain. Almost every key decision is made in the meeting at which it’s rst discussed. We expect people to come armed with facts, be prepared to argue their point of view, and be willing to live with the decision we ultimately make. Get 80% alignment and 100% agreement to implement. And move quickly. But I also don’t believe in crushing minority views. If we have 10 people in a room, eight of them agreeing on one thing and two passionately believing something else, we don’t try to resolve it to everyone’s satisfaction. We allow those two to experiment with their ideas—even if everyone else thinks they’re wrong. At the end of the day, what counts is not what the 10 people in that room think, it’s what the consumer thinks. So we let them run maverick smallscale experiments to get consumer feedback. Sometimes our biggest ideas come that way. About six years ago we had a huge internal debate about a product called Air Wick Freshmatic, which automatically releases freshener into the air on a schedule. It originated when one of our brand managers in Korea observed a new kind of automatic scent dispenser in stores there. In his opinion it was not a well-designed product, but he thought the idea was intriguing, so he brought it to a group meeting at our headquarters. Vigorous debate ensued. April 2010 Harvard Business Review 105 With so many different native languages in our company, it was necessary to make English the official language for all meetings. I’m Dutch, but I don’t speak Dutch with any of my Dutch colleagues, because if others are around, it excludes them. We are one team with one language. English isn’t most people’s native language, and often our English isn’t pretty. But the way we see it, it doesn’t matter as long as you give a view. If you don’t express your opinion, you don’t have an opinion, and that’s a fatal weakness for people who want to do well at Reckitt Benckiser. You have to stand for something, no matter how bluntly you communicate it. Con? ict Is Good This article is provided compliments of Reckitt Benckiser Group. HOW I DID IT HBR. ORG RB’s Performance-Based Remuneration Reckitt Benckiser believes it has designed a compensation plan to foster its innovative and entrepreneurial culture. The company has touted performance-oriented pay in its annual report as key to RB’s strong growth. According to a 2006 Harvard Business School case study, the plan, which applies to the company’s top managers (including the CEO), consists of three parts: base salary, short-term incentives, and long-term incentives. Base salaries are set near the median for competitors’ pay. The real bene? comes in the form of bonuses. A manager who meets all targets will typically receive 40% of his or her base salary as a bonus that year. A manager who blows the targets out of the water A manager who blows the targets out of the water can earn a bonus of up to 144%. (usually that means doubling the target numbers) can earn a bonus of up to 144%. Long-term compensation, in the form of options and perf ormance-related restricted stock, depends on meeting three-year corporate growth targets for earnings per share. New long-term goals are put into place each year. Karen Dillon A couple of our managers believed it should be a consumer product in Europe, but a lot more thought that made no sense— it might work in Korea on a very small scale, but it would never work in Western markets. For one thing, it would have to be priced well above the standard air freshener, and it wasn’t clear that the market would support that. Also, this would be our rst foray into something electronic, with wires, batteries, interval switches—a complex technology combination. The product would require new manufacturing facilities if it went to any scale. But two people meant we had to source materials we had no prior experience with. Today Air Wick Freshmatic is sold in 85 countries, with a wide range of options for consumers. It generates well in excess of ? 200 million annually. That product had the most successful launch in our history. Of course, things don’t always work out that well. We’ve launched some beautifully thought-out products that we were passionate about—but consumers weren’t. A few years ago we introduced a wonderful product to clean your microwave: You put a little sachet into the oven and start it. While If someone wants to stand up under stress and say, â€Å"No, I passionately believe in this,† then I’m willing to take a chance. saw the potential and were willing to ght for the chance to prove it. If somebody wants to stand up under stress and say, â€Å"No, I passionately believe in this. You guys are all wrong! We’ve got to do this,† then I’m willing to take a chance. So in this case I said ne, here’s the money— go gure it out, but do it on a small scale. And that’s what they did. In January 2004, initial testing of the idea with consumers in the UK produced extraordinary results. By the end of the year the product was in more than 30 other countries, and we’d overseen the building of a new factory in China to make it—which 106 Harvard Business Review April 2010 the oven is heating, the sachet pops and spreads cleaner around. When it’s nished, the sachet has become a cloth to wipe your cleaner away. It was a beautifully designed product. But it turns out that people don’t actually want to clean their microwaves all that often, so we pulled it from the market. If we are going to fail, we want to fail small and quickly. Failure is actually a huge incentive for the kind of people who fit well with our company, because they’re so personally competitive that they’ll work even faster for the next success. Everyone wants to do something to get on the map. I just moved one manager from Chile to Turkey. He earned that move because he had done something very challenging in his market—he’d launched one of our â€Å"powerbrands,† the sanitizer Dettol, in Latin America. It wasn’t the biggest success we’ve ever had, but the point is that he did it. He was the guy who brought Dettol to Chile and created a platform for its growth. That’s his mark on the business. That kind of thing earns you a promotion in this company, and the promotion will probably take you to another part of the world. Some people look at us and think they’d have to be nuts to work here. We’re looking for people with a certain level of maturity, intensity, and competitiveness. If you bring all of that to Reckitt Benckiser, it will be rewarded. (See the sidebar â€Å"RB’s Performance-Based Remuneration. †) As the CEO who has guided the company for more than a decade, I’d like to take credit for having a brilliant strategy or unique insights into the global marketplace. But in reality the â€Å"vision† slide we use today is the exact same one we’ve used since the merger. We have a very simple approach to the business: Focus on 17 powerbrands in fast-growing categories, innovate and invest behind them—and do so in every market. At the end of the day, what is most distinct about Reckitt Benckiser is its people and culture. I can tell in three minutes if someone would be a good t for our company. We’d rather have a position open for a long time, if necessary, than put the wrong person in place. It’s that important. HBR Reprint R K This article is provided compliments of Reckitt Benckiser Group.

Nursing Research Class Notes Essay

Nursing research is the process that underpins all the other things we have talked about. How was it determined that one particular way of carrying out nursing care was better than another way? How was it decided that a particular framework of understanding will explain certain behaviors better than another? When we discussed frameworks of understanding or conceptual models earlier in the course you learnt that there are various ways of viewing mental illness were discussed and the treatments were based upon eradicating or fixing the cause. This can be described as ways of knowing and ways of intervening. These beliefs came about as the result of research. That is asking, and trying to answer such questions as â€Å"Why does this occur?†, â€Å"Does this treatment work better than that treatment?†, â€Å"How do we know?†, â€Å"Do more people improve if we do this rather than that?†. Research is a way of gaining knowledge about concerns that psychiatric nurses have. What is the best way to help this client with this particular distress?† â€Å"Is there any evidence that suggests that this way of caring is better than that?† Nursing research is relatively new in some ways but in other ways gathering-nursing knowledge has been going on since the early days of nursing. Women learned through watching and observing what treatments worked best. This is one particular kind of knowledge. Potter and Perry discuss this in Chapter 5 â€Å"Nurses Ways of Knowing†. Ethical, personal, esthetic knowledge was identified and scientific became one more way of knowing. In terms of nursing research we can re turn to Florence Nightingale who of course made the observation that there were more deaths closer to the open sewer than there were for men whose beds were further away. This is an excellent example of drawing a conclusion by making observations thereby developing new knowledge. Research itself is a way of developing knowledge but there are other ways of developing knowledge. They are differentially respected and acknowledged but each is a way of `knowing’. When you take your research course in fourth year you will learn more about the various kinds of research. For now I just want to highlight the major ways of gathering knowledge. This is Chapter 5 in Potter and Perry and there is also reference to research in Stuart and Laraia under Evidenced Based Practice p 76-83. The opening section of the chapter in Potter and Perry gives a little background on the emergence of nursing practice and theory. Nursing science came into its own: no longer a discipline applying the knowledge of other disciplines but a unique body of knowledge. A good activity for you to consider doing is to go onto the Library website and click on journal holdings, once there search psychiatric nursing. Journals that publish the results of nursing research and in particular psychiatric nursing are a very important part of your reading and learning how to read a research article is an important skill to develop. We will discuss this further momentarily, for now I want now to review ways of gaining knowledge. 1. Tradition certain beliefs are accepted sometimes without too much enquiry. Its â€Å"we’ve always done it that way†. This may be good but sometimes it is appropriate to question these traditions. 2. Expert Authority: Asking an expert or authority is a very common way of gathering information. All of us ask for information from time to time but we also have to be somewhat cautious about confusing information and knowledge. But certainly we do seek out knowledge and assistance from others. There are, of course, some limitations since not all authorities are always right and like tradition, we do not always challenge this knowledge. 3. Experience A lot of what we know we have learned ourselves. Children certainly do this all the time. Sometimes through unfortunate experience like putting their little hand on a hot stove: Learning is also part of knowledge acquisition. But we also solve problems from experience. Like, if I turn off the alarm and don’t get out of bed in the morning, I am late for work. So we learn not to do that. The ability to generalize and recognize patterns and make predictions is one of the hallmarks of the human mind and has been a large part of how our ancestors developed knowledge. It is always rains every time there are black clouds, then the next time you see black clouds, rain is predicted.. But there are limitations, first each person’s experience may be too limited to generalize all the time. Maybe black clouds predicting rain only occurs in your part of the world for some environmental reason. Secondly your personal experiences may be colored by biases. 4. Investigating Ideas: Where would we be if no one pursued their ideas for instance, testing molds for their antibiotic value That the earth is not flat but round 5. Reasoning or Problem Solving Thinking through problems and finding solutions. There are two intellectual methods used in reasoning. Inductive reasoning is the process of drawing conclusions and generalizations from specific observation. For example a nurse may observe anxious behavior in children who are removed from their parents and conclude that separation is a stressful event.. Deductive reasoning. This is the process of developing specific predictions from general principles. For example, if you assume that separation anxiety occurs in children removed from their parents then you may predict that children, in your hospital will show signs of anxiety. So we have gone from a general assumption to a specific’ situation. So, induction is to make or develop a theory from actual observation or grounded in observation. Deduction is to have a hypothesis or a theory and then test it. These terms will become important when you are considering qualitative and quantitative research. Both of these reasoning systems are important for you to think about. They are both useful. But errors can also occur or faulty reasoning. However it may lead to the development of questions 6. The scientific method, which is considered the most objective and accurate way of developing knowledge. However, it, too, can certainly be questioned as you may discover but it is also considered one of the primary ways of developing knowledge. Beginning on p. 85 of Potter and Perry they describe the characteristics of research with a number of definitions you need to study. The sooner you grasp these concepts the better off you will be in future courses. To understand the research process and for your future endeavors I like to begin with the components of a research article in a journal. I have briefly described these below: Title: A succinct description of key elements of the study Running head: Usually a two to three word description of the key elements of the study, which runs at the top of each page. Abstract: A succinct paragraph describing key features of the study, the population studied, the variables manipulated; the findings and discussion point. Usually of 150 words or so. Literature Review: A summary of key research findings from other studies, which lead into your study. If you are studying in a new emerging field this may be short; if in a well established area it may be lengthy or, it might focus on one key area for instance of child development (i.e. there are numerous areas of child development-your study may be focused on cognitive development so it is not required to review all areas of child development within the literature review). The review should provide the reader with an understanding of the area, without missing key studies and without losing the audience with obscurely related information. The literature review should cover research related to your key variables of interest and should draw the reader into your hypotheses. Hypothesis: what you think the relationship between variables is. Depending on the level of research one might have an exploratory hypothesis or you may have predictive hypotheses suggesting the results are going to be in the direction of (one way or the other). This might be a good time to review any of the terms used thus far in Potter and Perry and especially look at table 6-2 which describes levels of research. It is difficult to keep a complex topic simple. Method: The method contains subsections. It usually begins with a description of the sample (who did you interview, who comprised your sample (children, parents, university students etc). One would also find how the sample was selected (was it randomized, was it a captured audience, was it every blonde haired blue eyed left handed boy) Detail is expected. The method section will also describe the research design and procedures. Both are essential for someone else who might say I don’t believe these results. I want to try and replicate the study. Which has been done with interesting results in many areas. Research designs are very complex and influence the type of statistical analysis that can be done. I refer you back to table 6-2 for a beginning understanding of this. Test in struments and their reliability and validity are also expected in the methodology section. Identification of independent and dependent variables would also be described here. The independent variable is that variable you are manipulating i.e. temperature of the room; the dependent variable are the observations you are making i.e. number of complaints of room temperature in a given interval of time. Results: This section will go through sample characteristics, main findings described pictorially sometimes in graphs or may be tables. Results are described matter of factly with little interpretation. Limitations of the study: these become important to the conclusions one can draw. For example if I were studying teen pregnancy and the needs of young mothers and my group ended up being older teens would this be representative of younger teens. Conclusions: This is where results can be interpreted and tied back to the literature review. Were findings supportive to the hypothesis or not and if not what might explain the findings. Implications for nursing practice: it would be found in nursing research studies, not often in other research. The application of nurs ing research is an important area for future discussion. As psychiatric nurses we must however be able to critique research. Sometimes it is conducted under ideal conditions where there is control over a number of variables and there may be difficulty applying it in the real world. That is perhaps why observations of a patient’s behavior may be better to understand their experience in the real world. Research is the use of a series of steps to gather objective knowledge and nursing research of course is the study of phenomenon of interest to nurses, which is often the patient’s response to illness and nursing interventions. The second point there is control but we have to understand what scientific research is attempting to state. It is the relationships between 2 variables. That is, if I do one thing will it influence another? So just to take a simple nursing example, we might theorize or predict that a patient who lies on their back for long periods will develop pressure sores. So if the patient is turned frequently and does not develop pressure sores we might conclude that turning is related to unbroken skin. Say, however, at the same time as turning the patient’s skin is gently massaged; now we can’t tell if it is the turning or the massage that resulted in the unbroken and healthy skin. So this is what is meant by control of external factors. Sometimes you may hear this referred to as level of control over the variables of interest. If you are using the scientific method then you probably have a hypothesis you want to test and you would set up your experiment to either prove or disprove. This would be quantitative research. But if you are observing a phenomenon and want to study it in its natural state then you are more likely doing qualitative research. Qualitative research is particularly well suited to psychiatric nursing because it. involves gathering information about people’s experiences which we could use an instrument to assess which would give us a quantitative measure i.e., how traumatized were you 0-10. Asking a person to tell their story gives us significantly more information. Methods can be combined. The ethnographic qualitative research method tends to look at humans in their natural environment. This research always takes place in the field often over a long time. Collection and analysis of data takes place concurrently, as insights are gained new questions may emerge. Often the opinions of the people under study are sought which is very different from quantitative research where opinions and feelings are not considered valid. You will become m ore proficient at reading, understanding and critiquing research but there is no reason why you should not be locating and reading nursing research journals now. Research Principles and terms The practice of Psychiatric Nursing is guided by nursing knowledge. As a profession nursing has developed a unique body of knowledge, which guides the practice of nursing. There is a number of ways in which knowledge is developed and disseminated. They are listed in Potter & Perry. Question: State 6 ways of acquiring knowledge. Polit and Hungler (1997) use these terms to describe the scientific research method: †¦Disciplined Research. Research conducted within a disciplined format is the most sophisticated method of acquiring knowledge that humans have developed. Nursing research combines aspects of logical reasoning with other features to create systems of problem solving that, although fallible, tend to be more reliable than tradition, authority, personal experience, intuition, or inductive or deductive reasoning alone. (P.11) The scientific method does have its drawbacks however, it is conducted under ideal conditions and sometimes there may be difficulties in applying it to the real world. There are however two main categories of research Quantitative and Qualitative. Quantitative research follows the scientific model and has a series of clearly defined steps. Quantitative research Process Identify an issue Gather information? State the hypothesis? Review the literature? Design the study? Gather the data? Evaluate the findings Qualitative Research Qualitative research differs from quantitative in that it is a less linear process. It more often involves gathering information about individuals by observing them in their natural environment or through interviews. This type of research takes place â€Å"in the field† rather than the laboratory. The information is rich and varied and subject to the interpretation of the researcher. This is one of its limitations. Nurse researchers can be involved in either quantitative or qualitative research, but most importantly, nursing research should be able to be applied to psychiatric nursing practice. Here is a list of some research projects of psychiatric nurses: Examples of research studies conducted by nurses in Psychiatric Nursing and Mental Health topics: Client expectation and perception of the nurse’s role in re lationship to client satisfaction. A comparative study of widows’ and widowers’ perceived social support during the first year of bereavement. The effects of cognitive-behavioral nursing intervention for depressed patients and their families. Factors affecting staff nurses’ use of limit setting with disruptive patients. Nurses’ attitudes toward the suicidal patient. Nursing interventions with long-term patients in regard to their physical appearance: An evaluation study. The nurse’s therapeutic use of touch as related to withdrawn patients. Observable signs of anxiety or distress during psychiatric interviews conducted by nurses. Patient and situational factors that affect nursing students’ like or dislike of caring for patients A study of alcoholic patients’ perception of the role of the nurse. A study of the confidence level of nurses in caring for patients with depression. A study of psychiatric patients’ knowledge about their prescribed medications. Question: What do you think would be a good research topic for psychiatric nurses? Some terms to Learn in Relation to Research

Binary Relation and Woman

The movement for the emancipation of woman has gained ground all the over. In some western countries woman have more rights than in India. But still every where even In the most advanced countries of the world, they suffer from a number of disabilities and are regarded a social inferiors of man. It is a man-made society and man continues to dominate and exploit woman.There should be a better and fuller understanding of the problems peculiar to woman, to make a olution of those problems possible. As these problems centre round the basic problem of Inequality, steps should be taken to promote equality of treatment and the full Integration of woman In the total development efforts of the country. Woman should get equal pay for the same work, and she be treated as an equal partner in the task of strengthening world peace. Suitable steps should be taken to secure these ends.These are near unanimity on the urgency and signifi rise of democracy, the movement for the emancipation of oman has gained ground all the over. In some western countries woman have more rights than In India. But still every where even In the most advanced countries of the world, they suffer from a number of disabllltles and are regarded a social inferiors of man. It is a man-made society and man continues to dominate and exploit woman. There should be a better and fuller understanding of the problems peculiar to woman, to make a solution of those problems possible.As these problems centre round the basic problem of inequality, steps should be aken to promote equality of treatment and the full Integration of woman in the total the urgency and signifl India. But still every where even in the most advanced countries of the world, they taken to promote equality of treatment and the full integration of woman in the total rights than in India. But still every where even in the most advanced countries of the world, they suffer from a number of disabilities and are regarded a social inferiors of the urg ency and signifi

Formal Analitical Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Formal Analitical Report - Essay Example It will utilize sources from recognized journals and organisations in these two fields, in order to effectively analyze unbiased and recommend the best career choice among the two. Thus, this report will be limited to the secondary data and will utilize it only to assess the skills and training requirements as well as the job opportunities available but will not conduct a review of the salaries in these careers in arriving at the recommendations. Graphic Designer Introduction A graphic designer designs or creates graphics in order to meet the specific commercial or promotional needs of a client such as for packaging, displaying or for logos, and achieves this through different media for artistic and decorative effect (JGED, 2010). In simple terms, a graphic designer is responsible for the creation of design solutions that have a high visual impact and largely involves listening to clients and understanding their needs before arriving at a design decision. According to Resnick (2003), designs created by graphic designers can be shown or utilized in many products and activities that may include advertisements, communication or packaging of products and services. The designs are carried out according to a brief agreed upon with a client after the development of creative ideas and concepts to meet the client’s objectives which involves creative flair and up-to-date knowledge of what is relevant in the industry through a professional approach. Analysis of the Requirements It is important to note that a graphic designer’s job may involve the management or undertaking of a design brief in accordance to the time allocated. This involves having a meeting with clients and account managers to discuss the business aims of the task while at the same time having a proper interpretation of the requirements of a business and the concepts required to be attained. The graphic designer may also be involved in the use of innovation in redefining design briefs and pre senting finalized concepts to clients and account managers. Whether in employment or for free, the graphic designer must be proactive in the presentation of ideas and designs to the relevant persons including the clients (Armstrong, 2006). Armstrong reports that for one to be a successful graphic designer, he must possess technical and functional skills that are based on the needs of the employer or the client. The skills, knowledge and expertise required of the graphic designer include proper management of time and adjusting actions in relation to the actions of the client or the customer. The graphic designer should give full attention to the opinion of others as well as understanding them taking note to ask questions without interruption at the inappropriate moments. Job Opportunities There are numerous opportunities available to a person working as a graphic designer and these may include being a logo designer, flash designer, web designer, art director, and advertising amongst other opportunities. The logo designers basically work towards molding the image of a company through the use of color, graphics and type while the flash designer works online to create websites through the use of interactive flash animations to create applications for websites. On the other hand web

London ships of historic interest partnership Essay - 1

London ships of historic interest partnership - Essay Example From the fact that Britain is a maritime country, the income of most of the citizens is derived from maritime activity. The London’s ships partnership has a major obligation of increasing the maritime activity and the number of visitors coming to the country. This has to be done through enacting various strategies and ways. The partnership should make the whole world aware of the existence of the historic ships and the uniqueness in them. This paper will explore how the partnership can increase the global awareness of the uniqueness and existence of the historic ships in London, means and ways to tap into the market and PEST analysis in relation to the same. The paper is to explore the best marketing mix in international and global marketing especially during overseas expansion. The main objective is to identify the most appropriate international market place to target to ensure tourists are aware of the brand and will view the member vessels as must see attractions when they visit London. The subsidiary objectives are as stipulated below: Tourism is a major player in the economy of Britain with tourist coming from both local and international markets. This has boosted the economy of the country and efforts to increase the tourist volume are being put in place each and every day. The London ships of historic interest partnership being a major player has also implemented actions to increase awareness among the residents and foreigners of the tourism facilities available. This has boosted the tourism industry in a major way. International tourists are well informed of existence of the maritime tourism and are well aware of the kind of tourism facilities they are to view and interact with when they pay a visit to the city of London. There are various factors both internal and external that have contributed to the success of the organization in response to marine tourism. The coming

Keyword Critique Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Keyword Critique - Research Paper Example In sociology, persons are normally classified into groups according to their socio-economic conditions. Social stratification tries to understand political, social, ideological, cultural, and economic dimensions of social inequality. However, stratification is not homogenous concepts. It is by definition has multiple meanings and the meanings changes when placed against different contexts and different actors. In sociology, the use of the term stratification has changed from time to time. It even substantially changes in terms of meaning and practice in different schools such as Marxism, functionalism and structuralism. II. The Conceptualization of Stratification When someone tries to find answer of poverty in any society the concept of stratification becomes important. If we try to locate reasons behind the backwardness of Black people or women vis-a-vis White people or we try to gauge chances of a child born into working class family to climb the social ladder, we will lend into ou rselves into the study of social stratification. The methodological analysis of stratification seeks ‘to discover social gulfs- to find the gaps in people’s social relations and experience- which might explain the fissures in people’s perception of each other. ... Max Weber has tried to elaborate the concept of social stratification wherein he studies stratification in traditional societies or we could call them status-based societies and of modern societies. According to him in traditional societies, person’s social status was depended upon his ascribed status wherein a person possesses qualities, which are beyond his control like sex, class at birth ethnicity, race, caste, or religion. Whereas in modern society element of achievement or personal qualities defines persons social status. Max Weber has made distinction between social class, which is defined according to material wealth, and status class, which depends upon social honor, prestige and links to the religious institutions. Studies of social stratification try to understand at what extends class or status system affects modes of social action. It analyses class and status structures and its reproduction in the society. Social stratification tries to understand how inequality of condition and opportunities affects outcome and what are the methods used by groups to protect their class or status boundaries. In simple word, how people maintain their class privileges and how other sections try to get access to it, these are the issues which get importance in the study of social stratification. Social stratification investigates various ways through which class, status-groups are formed in the society, and through it sociologist understand the society. While fiercely criticising the empirical sociology dominated in the United States, Anderson and Massey points out that â€Å"as the status attainment model came to dominate American sociology, the study of stratification became progressively despatialized. Socio-economic outcomes were conceptualized as individual-level

The Effects of Cigarettes Smoking on Low Birth Weights of Infants Term Paper

The Effects of Cigarettes Smoking on Low Birth Weights of Infants - Term Paper Example These pregnancy outcomes are known to be associated with infant mortality (Kochanek & Martin, 2005). Hypothesis In this observational study it has been hypothesized that women who are smokers, on average, will give birth to infants with birth weight less than 2500 grams than those who are non-smokers Cigarette Smoking in the United States The prevalence of smoking in the adult U.S. population in 1965 was 42.4% (51.9% of men in the U.S. and 33.9% of women) (Giovino, 2002). More men than women continue to smoke (25.1% of men and 21.2% of women), however the decline in women smoking is at a far slower rate than that observed in men. The gap in the rate of smoking between men and women has diminished from almost 20% in 1965 to less than 5% in 1997 (MMWR, 1999). In spite of numerous reports since the mid 1960s about smoking and health risks (U.S. Surgeon General, 2001), a Department of Health and Human Services report released stated that 23% of the U.S. adult population smoked cigarettes between 1999 and 2001 (DHHS, 2004). Ebrahim, Floyd, Merritt, Decoufle, and Holtzman (2000), using data from the National Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey (BRFSS) of 187,302 non-institutionalized women aged 18-44, found that the prevalence of current smoking decreased significantly among both non-pregnant women (26.7% to 23.6% and pregnant women (16.3% to 11.8%) between 1987 and 1996. A 1999 report stated that 21 % of all U.S. women and 12.3 % of pregnant women in the U.S. reported smoking during pregnancy (Mathews, 2001). The Effects of Cigarette Smoking on Reproductive Outcomes Cigarette smoking has been known for decades to be related to poor reproductive outcomes (Annette, 2008). Cigarette smoking during pregnancy is associated with first trimester spontaneous abortion, ectopic pregnancy, preterm birth, placenta previa and abruption, low birth weight, restricted intrauterine lung growth, and sudden unexplained infant death (Hofhuis, de Jongste, & Merkus, 2003). Further , cigarette smoking has been associated with fetal loss, respiratory distress syndrome and other respiratory conditions of the newborn, and sudden infant death syndrome (Schoendorf & Kiely, 1992). In addition, it is estimated that 17 to 26% of low birth weight infants, 7 to 10% of preterm deliveries, and 5-6% of prenatal deaths could be prevented if pregnant women did not smoke (Husten, Chrismon, & Reddy, 1996). In terms of birth defects, one study, using the 345 cases of infants with clubfoot and the 3,029 controls of the Atlanta Birth Defects Case Control Study database, Honein, Paulozzi, and Moore (2000) identified an approximate 20- fold increased risk for clubfoot to occur in infants born to women who had a family history of clubfoot and who also smoked cigarettes (OR=20.30, 95%CI: 7.90, 52.17). This risk for clubfoot was much higher when both factors were considered together than the risk associated with either of these risk factors alone (OR=1.34, 95%CI: 1.04, 1.72 for cigare tte smoking alone; OR=6.52, 95%CI: 2.95, 14.41 for family history alone). There have been numerous studies published about the association of cigarette smoking in pregnancy and low birth weight. For example, a population-based Swedish study (n = 538,829) showed that smoking

What characterises the development of portraiture at the Rajput courts Essay

What characterises the development of portraiture at the Rajput courts in the 17 th and 18 th centuries - Essay Example They ruled in India from the 15th through the 17th Century and partly in the 18th Century. The development of Rajput portraiture led to a major shift in style of art in terms detail, colour, portrait depth, margins, religion, political, and social aspects, as compared to what the Mughals had established during their reign. The painting in Hindu courts are more closely associated with the Rajputs, whereas those in the Indo-Islamic courts are closely linked with the Mughals. Rajput courts consisted of various themes such as those of religion, philosophy, famous rulers and court women; Mughal courts, on the other hand, portrayed secular themes. The Hindu paintings are what is referred to as Rajput and are named after Rajputana and the Hill Rajpput of the Punjab, whereas Mughal painting is closely connected to Islamic art. The Rajput paintings were a representative of religion and they were characterized by mysticism. Although Rajput art seemed to share a religious perspective with Buddhist art, what set Rajput apart was that it also reflected the faith and traditions of ordinary people. On the other hand, Mughal painting was sophisticated, diverse with characteristics of realism. The rise of Mughal painting was greatly influenced by Persian, Indian, Islamic, and to some extent, European art. With these c haracteristics, Mughal Art became something unique that constituted the Mughal Courts (Ananda 316). Rajput painting, alternatively known as Rajasthani painting, is a miniature style of art that is closely linked with the royal courts of the Rajputs (16th to 19th Centuries), the independent Hindu states in northern and western India. Though it followed the Western Indian style of manuscript illustration, it was greatly influenced by Mughal painting. The miniature style of art employed during the reign of Akbar (famous ruler and Mughal advocate, 1556-1605) characterized most of the paintings in the Rajput court. The influence

Leisure and Tourism Maqnagement Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Leisure and Tourism Maqnagement Project - Essay Example Knowledge of how customers of events industry use social media is necessary so that effective use of the channel of social media can be made possible. The research is based on identifying these patterns and impacts so that the social media can be used as an effective promotional tool. The paper is developed with exploratory research design based on analysis of information and facts. The combination of the survey questionnaire and literature review is used to explore the qualitative perspective of the research. The paper finds out that the social media has huge impact on how the events industry of UK conducts the marketing and promotion of the media. However, blind following of the trend to use social media does not lead to effective results. It is necessary to have a two way communication and understand the nature of the customer relevant to the particular industry. Contents Abstract 2 Research Question 5 Significance of the research 5 Aims and objectives 5 Structure of the report 6 Literature review 6 Research Methodology 10 Research Methods 10 Sampling 11 Data analysis approach 11 Findings and Data Analysis 11 Discussion in relation to literature review 17 Evaluation of the outcome 18 Conclusion and recommendations 19 References 21 Introduction Social media has become an important part of the day-to-day life of people. People especially youngsters spend a significant amount of time exploring social media and its applications. Due to the increasing importance of social media in lives of people, the corporate field also understands the potential of this media in terms of utilizing it as the form of marketing tool in advertising (Smith and Zook 2011). Today, many companies are promoting their products and services through presence on social media websites such as Facebook, Twitter, etc. It is rivalling the traditional forms of media and consumes a large portion of the time of people. The reach of this form of media has even extended to the social rituals that mo st people cherish. In general, it has implications for the events industry as well. The industry ought to capitalize on the trends of social media so as to remain relevant. The social media trends also present new opportunities for the events industry so as to thrive well in the competitive environment and move forward (Smith and Zook 2011). The UK events industry is worth 36 billion pounds and it presents an opportunity for the country to be the business destination of choice at the global level. Due to the rise in the growth of the events industry of UK with the recent example of conducting the event of Olympic and Paralympics games event in 2012, it is evident that the industry requires much more marketing tools that have vast reach to people and attract them. The rapid growth of the industry demands equally effective marketing tool for giving the push to the growth and the success (Thorley 2010). Research Question The research question for the study is as follows: How social med ia impacts the UK events industry? What are the implications of the explosion in social media use on the events industry in the UK, as they pertain specifically to the way the industry markets itself and provides services to its customers? Significance of the research The growth of the events industry of UK has compelled the professionals in the industry to make use of such marketing tools for advertising that can attract a large number of audiences and has a vast reach. The rising use of social media and its strong existence in the routine life of people has

ECONOMICS Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

ECONOMICS - Assignment Example an observe presently, the two main providers for the area of Michigan are AT&T and Comcast; they may be creating conditions that make other entries into this market difficult. Governor Granholm of Michigan signed the legislation document called Public Act-480 on Dec 21, 2006, which aimed at providing healthy competition for getting video services in the state of Michigan. While Michigan Public Service Commission is responsible to implement the act, to oversee that the franchisee agreement is uniform for all the entrants, the agency has no authority to regulate any service provider under this act, as a public utility provider. However, even with the limited powers of the agency, it has authority to review all disputes between consumers and service providers, between two providers, between the franchisee and its provider entity...................(Video/Cable) Although AT&T as well as Comcast may be happy with the legislation, they admit that the prices offered to consumers, for either bundled packages or individual packages, have shown an increase, after the legislation. Hence, it is essential for the following action, which should be taken by the regulatory authority, MPSC, to monitor and suggest effective ways for bringing in healthy competition. MPSC should compile the data with regard to the households that get services from AT&T as well as Comcast, to know whether they have followed the requirement of the ACT-480, which warrants that they provide cable service to at least 30% of the their telephone subscribers.. MPSC should prepare a list of new entrants who are desirous of making the services available in the area, so that the opportunity of uniform franchisee policy agreement is available to them as well, which will increase the competition in the area. The agency responsible for overlooking and monitoring of the act should take their action seriously to help making the act achieve its goal, as the legislators intended. However, the implementing agency

History of Legazpi Essay Example for Free

History of Legazpi Essay DURING THE PRE-SPANISH PERIOD Early in the 13th century, Datu Balensusa and Dumagsil, two of the ten Bornean Datus led by Datu Puti, went from Panay to Laguna and the Bicol Region. Prehistoric dwellers mostly fishermen and farmers established a barangay on the mouth of Makabulo River called Sawangan (now Legazpi Port) , a small settlement by a mangrove swamp,Its inhabitants were headed by old chieftain, Gat Ibal,a descendant of Datu Dumagsil. The home grown name,Sawangan was another way to say Sabang indicating a† natural wharf created by the water from the sea†. Dwelling in tiny groups of huts which are made from rattan and nipa, small houses occupied this part of swampy and low land and its surrounding areas were known as Ibalon. DURING THE SPANISH PERIOD In 1573,under the Spanish expeditionary forces,Capitan Juan de Salcedo (Capitan Esteban de Manchaca) and 120 soldiers reached and explored barangay Sawangan. The natives gallantly fought the invaders but were no match for the conquistadores’ superior arms. Subsequently, the natives were converted to Catholism. In 1587,Franciscan friars of the Doctrina of Cagsawa began to convert the settlement to Christianity. Fr. Francisco de Sta. Ana,it’s first parish priest built the first chapel made of nipa and bamboo to house and established the first Franciscan mission in Sawangan, the â€Å"Mission de San Gregorio de Sawangan. In 1605, Sawaà ±gan was elevated to Visita Regular, having been previously under the spiritual ministry of Cagsaua since 1578. In 1616,Sawangan become an independent town separated from Cagsawa called Albaybay (meaning â€Å"by the bay†) finally shortened as Albay. It was declared the capital of the province of Partido de Ibalon (old name of the Province of Albay). The town was renamed Albay, then Legazpi, as Albay went on to refer to the province at present. Perennially rocked by minor eruptions of the Mayon Volcano for two centuries, compounded by sporadic attacks by Muslim pirates and the Dutch, the capital was partially destroyed by a major eruption on February 1, 1814. The catastrophe buried Cagsaua.The progress of the town was razed to the ground upon the eruption, Fr. Pedro Licup evacuated the community to Makalaya (today’s Barangay Taysan). Some of the people, however, remained in the old town and began anew as a barrio. In lieu of their former patron saint, St. Gregory the Great, which had also been transferred to Albay, they adopted St. Raphael, the Archangel and transformed the ermita into a church. They finally regained their old status but never changed the name of the place as Albay Viejo or Banwang Daan.Years later in 1856, Sawangan was restored and subsequently renamed Binanuahan (Banuang Gurang) which literally means â€Å"Old Town† or â€Å"ancient place or town wherein a town was founded† and/or â€Å"the former seat of a town†. It was made a Visita Tributaria of Taytay. The combined towns were later named Albay Nuevo (Bagumbayan – meaning â€Å"New Town†) with the residents of Binanuahan’s objections to the union. On July 17, 1856, Ramon Montero of the Govierno Superiora de las Islas Filipinas signed a decree which created the Visita of Pueblo Viejo, out of Binanuahan uniting the barrios (settlement communities) of Lamba, Bigaa and Rawis. On September 22, 1856, through a subsequent Royal Decree, the name Legazpi was officially adopted to including the visitas of Lamba, Rawis and Bigaa, and declaring it an independent town. It was formally inaugurated on October 23, 1856. Historically, the city was named Legazpi, to perpetuate to the memory of Adelantado Don Miguel Lopez de Legazpi. This was the agreement made between the original inhabitants of the place and the Spaniards during the former’s quest for autonomy. It took them 21 years, in which they sought the help and support of the Spaniards, then living in the town. As a sign of gratitude, the people readily accepted the name, which was also then proposed by the Spaniards upon fulfillment of their efforts. Now autonomous, and with a fast paced progress and prosperity,the port of Legazpi served as anchorage of ships sailing for Nuevo Espaà ±a (through Mexico) in the later part of the 16th century until it was elevated a Royal Decree by issued earlier on May 18, 1872 in Madrid and was later promulgated by Governor Juan Alamenos y de Vivar on December 3, 1874 as a port of entry open to world trade . Legazpi first became a city under the Becerra Law of 1892 promulgated by the Spanish Minister of Ultramar in 1894, which constituted the municipalities of Legazpi, Albay Nuevo and Daraga, into the Ayutamiento de Albay with the resentment of the Daragueà ±os. At the height of the Filipino-Spanish Revolution, the Civil Governor of Albay, Angel Bascaran y Federic and the Spanish residents fled Albay. Subsequently, a revolutionary Junta was organized by Don Anacleto Solano, who later turned over command to General Vicente Lucban, General-in-Chief of Operations of the Philippine Revolutionary Governments in the Southern Region. DURING THE AMERICAN PERIOD By January 23, 1900 the American forces outgunned Legazpi defenders, defeating the Sandatahanes led by Vito Belarmino and Jose Ignacio Paua at the Battle of San Rafael Bridge known as the â€Å"Battle of Legazpi†. With the American occupation in 1900, the city was dissolved upon reestablished Legazpi, Albay and Daraga as independent towns under a military government. In 1908, the Philippine Assembly, again, merged the three towns creating the Municipio de Albay which became the capital of the province. Giving way to bitter opposition from Daragueà ±os, realizing the merger was doing more harm than good to their interests, the Philippine Assembly finally separated Daraga from the capital town in 1922. DURING THE JAPANESE PERIOD Simultaneous with the bombing of Pearl Harbor in Hawaii, the Japanese Imperial Army’s Kimura Detachment entered Legazpi on December 12, 1941. Yet again, countless accounts of the locals’ ultimate sacrifices, gallantry and heroism against the odds in the ensuing Guerilla warfare abound during that period. Under Japanese military administration for almost 4 years, the capital was finally liberated by American forces on April 1, 1945. DURING THE REPUBLIC Legazpi became a city for the second time on July 18, 1948 when Daraga and Legazpi were combined again to constitute its territory, under Republic Act No. 306. Re-Incorporating Daraga, Republic Act No. 306 elevated the town to today’s Legazpi City. However, bitter opposition from the Daragueà ±os ultimately prevailed with the passing of Republic Act No. 993 which repealed R.A. 306 creating the separate Municipalities of Legazpi and Daraga.With the re-creation of the two municipalities, the city was dissolved in June 8, 1954. Finally on June 12, 1959,Republic Act 2232 authored by Senator.Pedro Subido and Congressman.Jusfino Nuyda was signed by Pres.Carlos P.Garcia. This was later amended by Republic Act 5525. By virtue of this act, Legazpi became a city for the third time. .Legazpi was declared Albay Province’s seat of government as its capital city under Republic Act 2254. On February 27, 1973, With the onset of the Integrated Reorganization Plan of Pres. Ferdinand Marcos, the City of Legazpi was declared under Presidential Decree No. 125, to comprise its present territorial jurisdiction and the adjacent Municipality of Daraga. however, the decree was permanently mothballed. This plan also made the city as the regional administrative center of the Bicol Region (Presidential Decree No. 1). At present,the Gateway City of Bicol,Legazpi,is a bustling and very progressive city that is home of more than 180,000 citizens.

Use of It in Modern World Essay Example for Free

Use of It in Modern World Essay For the HDCS-Infortec International| | By Isuri Dilanka Rg:12GP1220 | 3/20/2013| This document contains introduction on the importance of IT, its usage in modern world and finally the conclusion of the researcher. | The importance of IT to the modern world Introduction Nearly everyone worked in agriculture before the industrial revolution. People communicated by words or messages written on paper. Soon after the industrial revolution, life changed for everyone. Factories were started where a large number of people worked together. In order to administer them, there came a need for offices. With the development of trade a lot of documentation was involved. As technology advanced, people wanted to find easy ways of completing the paperwork. The computer is probably the latest tool available from a series of machines that were developed over the years such as the typewriter, telephone, fax etc. The computer was initially developed to be a calculating device that can calculate at very high speeds. Since 80% of the work done on the computer is of non-mathematical nature it cannot merely be regarded as a calculating device. A computer us really a device that operates upon information, data amp; communication. The present age is referred to as the ‘information age’ as most people’s lives depend on information technology. A lot of people work on computer related fields and computers affect everybody in one way or the other. Communication too is becoming an integral part of information technology amp; it is for this reason that information technology (IT) is now being replaced by information communication technology (ICT). Use and Importance of IT in the modern world Today, computer has become an important part of day-to-day life. Most human activities take place with the aid of ICT. It gives more effective and speedy solutions to real life problems. People lead complex lifestyles that need most suitable solutions within shortest time. ICT satisfies these requirements in a comprehensive manner. Hence today has become the IT or ICT age. Few instances where IT or ICT is heavily used * Home: Hobbies, Entertainment, Household bills amp; accounts etc. * Everyday Life: Supermarkets, Banks, Hospitals, Security amp; Defense etc. * Education: Libraries, Simulation of laboratory experiments on computers, Computer Aided Learning- CAL etc. Engineering: Chemical plants, Oil refineries, Manufacturing of cars etc. * Commercial/ Industrial: Air amp; road traffic controls, Travel amp; transportation etc. Elaboration of above topics is mentioned below : Application| Usage | Home| Most of the time computers at home are usedFor writing letters, sending and receiving e-mail, Playing games, browsing the internet to gather information, for shopping, to watch movies and just about anything| Supermarkets| The computer has a record for each item with information such as the item number, name, description, price, quantity in the stock etc. The central computer is able to identify the item number by using the bar code reader. Once identified, the number is sent to the central computer, which in turn sends the information that corresponds to the item to POS terminal to be printed. The computer also does the necessary stock adjustments by subtracting the quantity sold of the particular item. IT is used to automate manual accounting systems such as ledger, sales and purchases, stock control. | Banks (ATM, Transactions, Tele banking, Credit card payments)| All transactions are entered then and there by the teller so that work doesn’t get accumulated. Each transaction as it is entered is updated in the master file at the central computer. The teller just types in the account number and he is given instant access. | Educational Administration| IT is used to automate school administration activities such as keeping records of students, examination results, normal office work and communication with other schools via e-mail etc. | Education (Computer Assisted School Administration)| In subjects such as biology, chemistry, physics laboratory experiments can be simulated on the computer. The computer can be used to explain vast concepts more vividly by using its ‘graphics’ capability to display pictures, diagrams and even videos. Some experiments can be done virtually. Video conferencing. For distant learning, Use of World Wide Web in finding information. CAL (Computer Assisted Learning) the computer presents material, asks questions based on the students performance, determines whether to present new material or review topics already covered. | Library| A library contains thousands of books, magazines, and other items which a borrower may wish to borrow. Maintaining records of books and borrowers can be a complicated and tedious job but may well suit a computer system. Finding available books and reserving them is made very simple with the use of computers. | Transportation| IT is used by railways and airlines for reservation of seats, control of traffic and maintaining time-tables of vehicles and duties of the crew. It is used in all fields of air traffic. Every aircraft has a small computer fitted to help pilots in various ways. | Medicine (Chemical Analysis, CT, MRI, US Scanning, ECG, EEG, Surgery)| In hospitals special computers are built inside different equipment. Ex: CAT scanners (Computer Axial Tomography). Further maintenance of patients’ records in electronic databases enhances services provided. | Defense amp; Security (Signal operations, Missile guidance amp; Nuclear plant operations)| IT is very useful in tracking down criminals through the maintenance of their databases. In warfare computers are used to guide missiles. | Engineering| Engineers use IT to prepare drawings of machines, tools, bridges, buildings etc. (CAD-Computer Aided Designing). Also computers are used to control manufacture of items. (CAM-Computer Assisted Manufacture). The use of Robots in industries is another example| Entertainment| This basically covers video games, music and movies played back by computers with multimedia facilities. | Conclusion Through all these information it is clearly identified the importance IT to modern world: that IT is an integral part of modern life. IT has taken the modern world under its dominance and it makes human relationships much closure leading to a much better future. References: ICT Classroom in a book by Chandana De Silva Newspaper Feedback : Assessor: Signature: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Date: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦

Organizations for Elderly Care

Organizations for Elderly Care There are numerous milestones that we experience as we mature from childhood to old age. Each milestone plays a significant role in the growth and development of every individual. In these life events our family, friends and significant others are there to witness these and even share with the joys and the disappointments as well. Getting old is inevitable. It is not something we can prevent from happening or even put a halt on it. How we age depends on how we live our lives. Some may dread even the idea of getting old while others are looking forward to it. According to New Zealand Statistic (2010), the population of citizens ageing 65 years and above comprises 11 per cent of the entire population as of 1991 and is forecasted to reach 21 per cent the year 2031. New Zealand is one the countries with an ageing population and so with this information at hand, the government and private sectors has established a number of services in order to aid the ageing population as they face the physical changes of aging Organizations: Age Concern is a non-profit organization committed to ageing New Zealanders. It provides free and confidential services addressing to issues on elder abuse and neglect all throughout New Zealand. The elderly as well their care givers are given support by a team of professional staff who also takes the role of an advocate so that the senior citizens will be able to have a happy, healthy and safe lifestyle. Psychological, physical, financial, neglect, sexual and institutional abuse of the elderly will also be dealt. Service providers are equipped with the skills and knowledge to recognize signs of elder abuse and neglect and act on it. The ageing citizens are treated with utmost respect thus promoting dignity. The organization gives the adequate attention to the needs of the senior citizens by acknowledging its existence and providing the necessary help rather than ignoring it. Grey power is an organization which stands as an advocate for the rights and welfare of New Zealand citizens in the 50 plus age group. It aims for the ageing residents of the country to enjoy and experience quality health care all throughout the country. It also represents the voice of the elderly so that their needs are given attention and be heard by the government as well as acquiring and having the services necessary in the maintenance of their health, as well as the promotion of their security and dignity. Deaf Aotearoa New Zealand is a non-profit organization that caters its services to people with hearing disabilities of any gender and age. It promotes awareness of the rights of deaf people and it access and advancement to New Zealand’s sign language. It works with ageing citizens with hearing disabilities and their significant others to make them understand the importance and the need for the deaf citizens to take part in the society in order to continue living a close to normal if not normal life. Information is also disseminated to the public in order to break down misconceptions, worries and barriers pertaining to having a hearing disability. Alzheimer’s New Zealand is a not for profit organization will members throughout the country in order for people to have access to information, support and services to ageing people with Alzheimer’s disease extending it to their significant others, partners, relatives and friends in order for them to slowly cope up with the demands of caring for someone with the degenerative disease. Information is also available to the public and the person with the disease to aid them in understanding, diagnosing and assessing the disease as well as the management of financial demands of taking care of someone with dementia. HealthEd is free website provided and updated by the Ministry of Health and the Health Promotion Agency open to all New Zealanders. It provides information pertaining to health in order to promote, enhance and safeguard the health of the citizens. The website offers free online information to the ageing citizens in order for them to make the right decisions in living a healthy lifestyle and the appropriate nutrition in order for them to maintain good health. Resources are also available in the website about the degenerative diseases that one may be have or a family member may experience as they age as well as health problems that comes with age and how to cope up these arising health issues and its effects to the rest of the family. Types of Service Organizations: Hospice care is a concept of care for terminally ill ageing people or individuals allowing them to live the remaining days of their life with dignity. It does not focus on curing the disease but rather on making the elderly or resident live a comfortable way of life as possible. Its approach to care is palliative and not curative so to say. Its services include pain management, providing the needed physical, psychosocial, emotional and spiritual assistance of the elderly as well as their significant others in order for coping to take place. The manner of care rendered is not dependent on the agency but it is designed to the personal desire of the resident and the family. Residential Care is a type of service rendered to only a small group, usually a group lesser than 10 residents. Residents are housed in one residence with a home-like setting. Residents are offered lodging and meals are freshly prepared daily. In most cases, residents making use of these kind of service are those seniors who are still capable of doing things on their own at a certain level of independence but nevertheless nursing aids are present to assist them with activities of daily living like bathing, eating and grooming should the residents need it. This is a non-medical custodial care setting and the atmosphere of the homes is kept as personal as possible giving the residents a sense of being in their own homes. Apart from the assistance with the performance of activities of daily living the residents receive, the facility also provide them with custodial care like laundry services, housekeeping and transportation arrangement should the residents need to go to any scheduled ap pointments. In cases when residents have medications, a qualified staff will be there to remind them to continue with medication adherence, it not take part in its administration. Putting into consideration the ratio of care giver to residents, the elderly will surely be offered a lot of one-on-one tender loving care. Nursing home also known as skilled nursing facility, convalescent home, and rest home offers a standard of care to the elderly with medical needs outside of a hospital but in a residential setting. Custodial care is offered like assistance in getting out and in of bed, feeding, grooming and other activities of daily living. Laundry services are also available and meals are also prepared fresh daily. There are scheduled activities that the residents can participate in. What set them apart from the residential care facility is its capacity to render a high level of medical care. A nursing home has a licensed physician supervising the health care of the residents and skilled nursing care is available at all times, as well as nursing aides are available to assist and render care to the residents. In here, residents may have their own room or it may be a shared set up. Domiciliary Care is care provided in your own home. A care provider comes to regularly to a senior citizens home and help the resident with whatever assistance he or she needs be it with bathing, toileting, grooming, meal preparation, housekeeping and even laundry. The number of working hours for care provider depends on the resident requirements in some cases the care provider may even stay in or live with the resident. In this kind of care set up, the senior resident will experience one on one care with a health care provider in the comforts of his or her own home. Social Care Workers provide a varied range of services depending on the needs of the client and at times the financial capability of the client. When senior citizens are assessed to be experiencing geriatric conditions such as dementia, visual and hearing impairments and mobility restrictions but what to still live a life as normal as possible they often call the services of the social care providers. Social care workers come to the client’s home to assist them with bathing, toileting, and grooming. They can also be available to prepare fresh meals for the clients. The work hours rendered by the social care worker depends on how much help is needed by the client, giving the client as much independence as possible so as to maintain a sense of self pride and dignity. Social care workers also schedule interesting activities for the client to enjoy. Emotional support is also given as the adult go through the changes that come with age and advices are provided so that they may be a ble to cope up with these changes that may be caused by illnesses, age related problems and disabilities. The Social care worker also has the duty to see to it that the client regularly takes his/her medications and accompanies the client to scheduled appointments like doctor’s appointment or even hairdressers appointment and other personal appointments. Physiotherapy services. As a person ages, there are different changes that could happen regarding his health and mobility as well. Bones tend to get dense and a person may feel certain restrictions to mobility. These may be pathological in nature or due to trauma or injury. It is the role of the physiotherapist to help the elderly to fully use the functions of the body system to improve mobility and independence and keep the body systems to it maximum capacity. These services can also help in the prevention of the development of other problems that may arise later in life. In cases when improvement and maintenance of the body’s functional mobility is not achievable, the physiotherapist can still help to keep the elder pain free and comfortable as possible. Stigma, according to the Merriam Webster Dictionary, is a set of negative and often unfair beliefs that a society or a group of people have about something. And as an individual approaches old age, there are a couple of major stigmas that are evident in the society and should be addressed to. Issue: Social Isolation of the Individual and their Family There are many factors that could contribute to a elderly’s feeling of loneliness and social isolation. The loss of a family member or a spouse, experiencing a degenerative disease, living alone, poor health and retirement are some of those reasons. Recommendation: There are certain factors that could contribute to an elderly’s feeling of loneliness and isolation and some of these are beyond our control. The loss of a spouse or a significant other is one that is inevitable for death is the end cycle of life but we, the care providers can do something to lessen the feeling of loneliness that comes a loss of a love one and thus helping the elderly cope up with the loss. In Kindly Residential Care Home, there should be a scheduled group activities for the clients, be it a small or a big group. By this, we are paving a chance for each resident to be socially active and be with other elderly who are also experiencing the same thing. Sharing your thoughts and feelings about something with someone who can sympathize can someone give the elderly a feeling that he or she is not alone. It would also be a good idea for let the residents give their suggestions and ideas on the kind of activities that would be done in the rest home, in this way they will feel a sense of belongingness knowing that they can take part in structuring the activities that they would be participating on. It would also be beneficial if remaining family members or even friends are encouraged to visit the residents on a regular basis in this way residents will know and feel that their existence is still of value to their family.

Motherhood in The Summer Before the Dark by Kate Brown and The Fifth ch

Motherhood in The Summer Before the Dark by Kate Brown and The Fifth child by Harriet Lovatt Motherhood is a traditional role for women. From the time they are young, girls are taught to grow up, marry and become mothers. Of course they can do other things with their lives like play sports, have careers, and travel, but an overwhelming amount of women want to be mothers no matter what else they accomplish with their lives. It is common knowledge that being a good mother is one of the hardest jobs in the world. It is to forever have a special link with another person or people and have a tremendous influence, maybe the most tremendous influence over their lives. Motherhood is a roller coaster ride for women, full of ups and downs, fears and accomplishments. But what happens when motherhood defines who a woman is? All children grow up, and while a woman is always a mother, children need their mothers less and less until eventually their dependence is very minimal. What happens to the woman whose singular role and purpose is no longer needed? In The Summer Before The Dark, and The Fifth Child, the maternal roles of Kate Brown, and Harriet Lovatt are analyzed and traditional motherhood behavior is deconstructed due to these characters’ experiences and relationships with their children.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Kate Brown is the typical middle class, attentive mother who dedicates her entire life to raising her children and being a supportive wife to her husband. She has been a mother for the vast majority of her life, and that is the only role she has known. â€Å"Her first child had been born at twenty-two. The last was born well before she was thirty† (Lessing, 18). This novel takes place when Kate is forty- five, so for 23 years, Kate has been a mother and a wife. This has been the basis of her existence. â€Å"Kate’s four children have structured her existence, as can be seen in her almost â€Å"maternal† responses to young people she encounters in her life† (Lee, 17). All Kate knows how to do is be a mother and take care of other people. This is apparent in her relationships with people at Global Food, (the place where she is hired to be a translator), and with both Jeffrey her younger lover) and Maureen, (her roommate). Her maternal ins tincts are extremely strong and at the beginning of the novel, it seems that is all that defines her. She comes to the realization that her younges... ...other due to her young age and lack of exposure to the world. Harriet Lovatt had experience in the world but unleashed it when she became a mother in hopes of dedicating all her efforts to being a good mother, until eventually this very drive to be a good mother caused her world to crumble. She realized that in order to save herself, she would have to liberate the relentless drive to attain her goal of being a good mother. She had to let go just as Kate Brown did. For â€Å" the woman with grown- up children and not enough to do, whose energies must be switched from the said children to less vulnerable targets, for everybody’s sake, her own as well as theirs† (www.galileo.usg.edu) The last part of this quote is pivotal. The mothers must consider everyone involve, including themselves. They must take their own interests into account and care about how they will turn out in the long run. This act, itself, defies traditional motherhood roles. In all actuality, mothering is a selfless act and mothers think about themselves last, if at all. But sometimes, for the sake of themselves, their souls, and their families, mothers have to put themselves first for the sake of everyone involved.

Harmony in Emersons Nature Essay -- Emerson Nature

Harmony in   Emerson's Nature I would like to address two points in my discussion on Nature. One I just found interesting and the other is to examine the idea of unity and harmony presented throughout the work. While I was rereading, I noticed in the beginning Emerson mentioned "horizons" three times. I know Emerson is sometimes redundant, but to me he was trying to tell us the importance of the horizon. When he was writing about who owns what property, he mentions a "property in the horizon which no man has." Somewhere in the distance is a place on earth that belongs to itself. "In the tranquil landscape, and especially in the distant line of the horizon, man beholds somewhat as beautiful as his own nature." The last time seems to sum it up- "The health of the eye seems to demand a horizon. We are never tired, so long as we can see far enough." To me, horizons represent all that is possible in the world. When we look out into the world, we can see the horizon, which is an ending, but all the space in between is just the beginning. The sun rises and sets over the horizon. It is where each day begins and ends We can only see so far, but we know there is so much more to be seen. If for some reason you don’t like what you see, then there is always the hope that you can change it, because you can see all the possibilities.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I also think I can tie the way Emerson views children into my interpretation of the horizons. He writes in Chapter 1 that the true love of nature has a deep connection between their "inward and outward senses" and still seems to maintain "the spirit of infancy." Children can truly see the meaning of the world, without the deceit and anger that some adults choose to see with. Children are connecte... ...ious mind. But, twice Emerson notes that nature is a presence that shines through us, not around us, but through our bodies. So, to me, it is very evident that nature is indeed a part of our soul. But I guess our souls are outside of our bodies. Maybe nature flows through our souls not our actual bodies. Sometimes I forget my body and my soul are separate, but maybe they aren’t and that is what Emerson is trying to say-Everything is connected, we are all one.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To sum up my point on harmony between man and God and Nature, I would like to give you one last quote - "The aspect of nature is devout. Like the figure of Jesus, she stands with bended head, and hands folded upon the breast." She loves us and respects us and only demands the same. Or will we kill her on the cross, stripped of all that was once hers? But, Jesus came back, do you think we will?

Generating Real-Time Visual Meaning for Live Indian Drumming :: Music Rhythm Drums Musical Essays

Generating Real-Time Visual Meaning for Live Indian Drumming Abstract: In this essay, a system developed to generate visual meaning for live performed music is described. Specifically, this system is calibrated to respond to North Indian classical and folk drumming tradition, using custom designed digital musical interfaces, such as the Electronic Tabla and Electronic Dholak. A drum, when struck, does not generate its sound as a record of the force applied, but as an artifact of a physical response to that strike within the artistically controlled conditions of its material state. With the design of the North Indian drum controllers, we developed a physical model for digital audio synthesis to recreate the aural qualities of the drums’ response under the control of the player. From there, we abstracted that concept to develop a dynamically responsive model for real-time rhythmic visual synthesis. In creating a visual experience for North Indian classical music, we sought to create a dynamic visual accompaniment with an appropriate ambience for the patterns and complexities of North Indian drumming. The design process was shaped by the need to react to a series of signals that would be received from the musician through the digitized musical interfaces, while giving a visual performer the ability to modify and shape those reactions over the course of the performance. In contrast to using a prerendered or abstract visualization, we aim to create an audiovisual composition which is both aesthetically compelling and responsive to the conditions of live performance, in addition to providing a meaningful visual context for what the performer is playing. In this essay, we will describe: - Veldt: a custom built application for visual expression of musical performance. - Digital Indian Drums: the Electronic Tabla and Electronic Dholak which digitize gestural information of a live performer. - Rhythmic visualization of our system used in live performances. Veldt Veldt is an application which was designed from the ground up for the purpose of visual expression and performance. It receives MIDI (Music Instrument Digital Interface) and OSC (Open SoundControl)[1] messages from digital musical interfaces and maps them to a system of reactive events in order to generate live visuals, which are rendered real-time using the OpenGL[2] graphics language. Mappings are flexible: sets of mappings may be arranged and modified during the design and rehearsal process, and triggered by control events during different movements of a performance, and arbitrary text, images, video, and geometric models may be used as source material.

The Allusions in the Waste Land

The Allusions in T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land The Waste Land is an important poem. It has something important to say and it should have an important effect on the reader. But it is not easy. In Eliot's own words: â€Å"We can say that it appears likely that poets in our civilization as it exists at present, must be difficult. Our civilization comprehends great variety and complexity, and this variety and complexity, playing upon a refined sensibility, must produce various and complex results.The poet must become more and more comprehensive, more allusive, more indirect, in order to force, to dislocate if necessary, language into its meaning. † â€Å"Tradition cannot be inherited, and if you want it you must obtain it by great labour. † Eliot is dealing with the loss of meaning and significance of many things, and so he continually contrasts the present with the past, often using literary allusions to help to arouse in the reader the response he wants. For this reason he gives some of these allusions in a set of notes. However, he merely says where they come from or gives them in the original Italian or French or German.These notes give the actual allusions, translated into English where necessary, and printed in such a way that the reader can see the allusion and the relevant passage in the poem at the same time. For instance, a passage from the poem is on page 3 and the allusions to it are on page 2. The notes have also amplified Eliot's notes in some cases, with valuable help from three excellent books: Stephen Coote: The Waste Land in Penguin Master Studies 1985 B C Southam: A Student's Guide to the Selected Poems of T S Eliot Faber and Faber, 1968 George Williamson: A reader's Guide to T S Eliot Thames and Hudson, Second Edition, 1967It is a pleasure to thank Sheila Davies for her translation of Baudelaire's Au Lecteur Allusion are numbered and you will seldom have to scroll down more than a page to find the comment on the allusion The comment s on the allusions are in frames. Page 1 of 26 The Allusions in T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land. doc The Waste Land â€Å"Nam sibyllam quiden Cumis ego ipse oculis meis vidi in ampulla pendere, et cum illi pueri dicerent: ; respondebat illa: A â€Å" . † For Ezra Pound il miglior fabro B A For I once saw with my own eyes the Sybil at Cumae hanging in a cage, and when the boys said to her â€Å"What do you want? she answered, â€Å"I want to die. † B ‘il miglior fabro' means ‘ the better craftsman', a well-deserved tribute to Ezra Pound. Eliot sent the original manuscript of The Waste Land to Pound, and as Eliot said ‘the sprawling, chaotic poem left Pound's hands reduced to about half its size and in the process it was changed from a jumble of good and bad passages into a poem,' Photo-copies of the manuscript, with the changes made by Pound, are available in book form, and fully support Eliot's acknowledgment of his debt to Pound. I. THE BURIAL OF T HE DEAD April is the cruelest month, breeding 1 Lilac out of the dead land, mixingMemory and desire, stirring Dull roots with spring rain. Winter kept us warm, covering Earth with forgetful snow, feeding Life with dried tubers. 7 Summer surprised us, coming over the Starnbergersee 8 With a shower of rain; we stopped in the colonnade, And went on in sunlight, into the Hofgarten, And drank coffee, and talked for an hour. Bin gar keine Russin, stamm aus Litauen, echt deutsch. 12 And when we were children, staying at the archduke's , My cousin's , he took me out on a sled, And I was frightened. He said, Marie, Marie, hold on tight. Ands down we went. In the mountains, there you feel free.I read much of the night, and go south in the winter. 18 What are the roots that clutch, what branches grow Out of this stony rubbish? Son of man 21 You cannot say, or guess , for you know only A heap of broken images, where the sun beats, 23 And the dead tree gives no shelter, the cricket no relief, 24 And the dry stone no sound of water. Only Page 2 of 26 The Allusions in T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land. doc There is shadow under this red rock, 26 (Come in under the shadow of this red rock), And I will show you something different from either Your shadow at morning striding behind youOr your shadow at evening rising to meet you; I will show you fear in a handful of dust. 1 to 7 Critics usually contrast the description of spring with the opening of the general Prologue to the Canterbury Tales. To regard April, the harbinger of spring, as ‘the cruelest month' is natural for the dwellers in the waste land, who are afraid of life, who are ‘living and partly living'. What the general Prologue says more clearly but with less charm than Chaucer in modern English is When that April with its sweet showers Has pierced the drought of March down to the root And filled each plant with so much moistureAs made it burgeon forth in flowers 8 to 18 are a reverie. 12 I am not a Russian at all; I come from Lithuania, a true German. This is the strained, neurotic reaction of a dispossessed person at a time when only German nationality or protection could ward off the threat of danger. This line anticipates the vision of anarchy, of fleeing refugees, in lines 367 to 377. 21 Son of man Ezekiel 2:3 â€Å"And he said unto me, Son of man, I send thee to the children of Israel, to a rebellious nation that hath rebelled against me: they and their fathers have transgressed against me even unto this very day. † 3 broken images Ezekiel 6:3 â€Å"Behold I, even I, will bring a sword upon you, and I will destroy your high places. And your altars shall be desolate, and your images shall be broken; and I will cast your slain men before your idols. † 24 the cricket no relief â€Å"the cricket no relief† is an echo from Ecclesiastes 12:5, where the preacher describes the desolation of old age: â€Å"Also they shall be afraid of that which is high, and fears shal l be in the way, and the almond tree shall flourish, and the grasshopper shall be a burden, and desire shall fail: because man goeth to his long home, and the mourners go about the streets. 26 There is shadow under this red rock Isaiah 32:1, 2 describes the blessing of Christ's kingdom: â€Å"Behold a king shall reign in righteousness, and princes shall rule in judgment. And a man shall be as a hiding place from the wind, and as a covert from the tempest; As rivers of water in a dry place, as the shadow of a great rock in a weary land. † Frisch weht der Wind 31 Der Heimat zu Mein Irisch Kind, Wo weilest du Fresh blows the wind Towards my homeland My Irish child Where do you linger? â€Å"You gave me hyacinths first a year ago; Page 3 of 26 The Allusions in T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land. doc They called me the hyacinth girl. – Yet when we came back, late, from the hyacinth garden, Your arms full, and your hair wet, I could not Speak, and my eyes failed, and I was neithe r Living nor dead, and I knew nothing, Looking into the heart of light, the silence. Oed' und leer das Meer Desolate and empty the sea 42 31 Frisch weht der Wind This is a song of innocent and naive love from Tristan and Isolde, which is a work of passionate love. A young sailor, feeling the wind blowing toward his homeland, sings of the girl he loves. 42 Oed' und leer das Meer The dying Tristan is waiting for Isolde's ship, but the lookout reports that the sea is desolate and empty.Between these two scene there is, by way of contrast, a modern love affair, beautiful but ultimately meaningless. Even in love she is neither living nor dead. Madame Sosostris, famous clairvoyante, 43 Had a bad cold, nevertheless Is known to be the wisest woman in Europe, With a wicked pack of cards. Here, said she, Is your card, the drowned Phoenician Sailor, (Those are pearls that were his eyes. Look! ) 48 Here is Belladonna, the Lady of the Rocks, The lady of situations. Here is the man with three sta ves, and here the Wheel, And here is the one-eyed merchant, and this card,Which is blank, is something he carries on his back, Which I am forbidden to see. I do not find The Hanged Man. Fear death by water. I see crowds of people, walking round in a ring. Thank you. If you see dear Mrs Equitone, Tell her I bring the horoscope myself: One must be so careful these days. 43 Madame Sosostris Madame Sosostris and the Taro cards represent ancient magic and ritual, here reduced to the insignificance of vulgar fortune telling. Eliot says of this passage: â€Å"I am not familiar with the exact constitution of the Tarot pack of cards, from which I have obviously departed to suit my own convenience.The Hanged Man, a member of the traditional pack, fits my purpose in two ways: Because he is associated in my mind with the Hanged God of Frazer, and because I associate him with the hooded figure in the passage of the disciples to Emmaus in Part v. The Phoenician Sailor and the Merchant appear lat er; also the ‘crowds of people' and Death by Water is executed in part IV. The Man with Three Staves (an authentic member of the Tarot pack) I associate , quite arbitrarily, with the Fisher King himself. † Page 4 of 26 The Allusions in T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land. doc 48 Those are pearls that were his eyesThe Tempest, Act 1 ii , 394 Full fathom five thy father lies; Of his bones are coral made; Those are pearls that were his eyes; Nothing of him that doth fade, But doth suffer a sea-change Into something rich and strange. Unreal city, 60 Under the brown fog of a winter dawn, A crowd flowed over London Bridge, so many, I had not thought death had undone so many. 63 Sighs, short and infrequent were exhaled, 64 And each man fixed his eyes before his feet. Flowed up the hill and down King William Street, To where Saint Mary Woolnoth kept the hours With a dead sound on the final stroke of nine. 8 60 Unreal city Baudelaire: â€Å"O teeming city, city full of illusions, Where ghosts accost the passerby in broad daylight. † 63 I had not thought death had undone so many Inferno, Canto 3: â€Å"And behind it came so long a train of people, that I should never have believed death had undone do many. † (In this canto Dante describes the :†dreary souls who lived without blame and without praise . . . who were not rebellious, nor were faithful to God, but were for themselves. † Dante also call them â€Å"these wretches that never were alive. † 64 Sighs, short and infrequent were exhaledInferno, Canto 4: â€Å"Here as mine ear could note, no plaint was heard, except of sighs, that made the eternal air to tremble, not caused by torture but from grief felt by those multitudes, many and vast. † This canto deals with people – like Socrates – who lived virtuously but never knew the Gospel. So two kinds of people live in the modern Waste Land: those who are secularised and those who have no knowledge of the faith. 68 With a dead sound at the final stroke of nine. Eliot says that he often noticed this when the clock of St Mary Woolnoth struck nine. In lines 60 to 68 Eliot is dealing with man's spiritual bankruptcy.He does this by recreating life about him by using the language and ideas of the past. In the modern Waste Land where people are living and partly living, they have no standards of right and wrong, of virtue and sin, that individuals or society accept or live by. Eliot uses the reminders to Dante to contrast this with another, more aware time. The people in Dante's Hell Page 5 of 26 The Allusions in T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land. doc were people who had sinned to various degrees and were punished in different circles of hell. Like the people James Thomson spoke of, who were gratified to gain hat positive eternity of pain Instead of this insufferable inane. There I saw one I knew; and stopped him, crying: â€Å"Stetson! 69 â€Å"You who were with me in the ships at Mylae! 70 â€Å"T hat corpse you planted last year in your garden 71, â€Å"Has it begun to sprout? Will it bloom this year? â€Å"Or has the sudden frost disturbed its bed? â€Å"Oh keep the Dog far hence, that's foe to men 74 â€Å"Or with his nails he'll did it up again! â€Å"You! Hypocrite lecteur! Mon semblable, mon frere! † 76 69 Stetson is the representative commuter 70 Mylae was one of the battles in the Punic war, a sordid trade war.By choosing this war rather than the similar and more topical 1914 – 1918 war, Eliot is making the point that all wars are similar. 71 The corpse you planted in your garden In ancient fertility rites, images of the gods were buried in the fields. 74 Oh keep the Dog far hence Dirge sung by Cornelia in THE WHITE DEVIL by John Webster Act 5, Scene 4: Call for the robin redbreast and the wren, Since o'er the shady groves they hover And with leaves and flowers do cover The friendless bodies of unburied men. Call unto his funeral dole The ant, the fi eldmouse and the mole To rear him hillocks that shall keep him warm.But keep the wolf far hence, that's foe to man Or with his nails he'll dig it up again. It is not such an odd step from wolf to dog. In the old testament the dog is not a friend to man, but even sometimes feeds on corpses. And Psalm 22 verse 20 has â€Å"Deliver my soul from the sword, my darling from the power of the dog. † 76 â€Å"You! Hypocrite lecteur†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This is the last line of Au Lecteur (To the reader), the poem that is the preface to Fleurs du Mal (Flowers of Evil) which is Charles Baudelaire's manifesto. It is addressed to the reader and means: â€Å"You, hypocrite reader, my image, my brother. â€Å"Translation of Au Lecteur by Sheila Davies Page 6 of 26 The Allusions in T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land. doc Stupidity, indiscretion, sin and meanness Take over our minds and wear away our bodies, And, full of remorse, we affectionately nurture our wrongdoings In the same way that beggars fe ed titbits to vermin. Our sins are strong-willed, our repentance cowardly; Making gushing confession becomes a habit. We walk with gay abandon along fouled-up pathways, Believing that our cheap tears will wash away the stains of filth. It is Satan of the three-pronged fork who, On the pillow of evil, gently rocks our entranced spirit,And the precious metal of our free will Is all vaporised by this cunning alchemist. It is the devil who grasps the cords that entangle us. In whatever is repugnant we find charm. Each day we take one step nearer down to Hell, Blind to its horrors as we cross the stinking gloom. Just like a penniless lecher who kisses and nibbles The shriveled up breast of an old tart, We filch from life's journey our furtive pleasures Which we squeeze as we would an old orange. Holding on fast, writhing around like a million worms, A race of Demons holds an orgy in our brains, And, when we breathe, Death floods our lungs,An invisible river of stifled groans. If rape, po ison, murder or fire Have not yet embroidered their pretty designs On the insignificant canvas of our pitiful destinies, It is because our souls, alas, are not taut enough. But of all the jackals, panthers, lice, Apes, scorpions, vultures and serpents, The yelping, howling, snarling, creeping monsters Of the loathsome menagerie of our depravity, There is one that is even uglier, more wretched, more vile than all the rest; Though he utters no savage cries nor thrashes about in a frenzy, He would gladly reduce the world to a heap of debris,And with one great yawn swallow up the earth. He is Ennui! – his eye brimming over with an ineffectual tear, Page 7 of 26 The Allusions in T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land. doc He dreams up scaffolds while he smokes his opium. You know him, reader, this insidious monster, Hypocrite reader, – my kinsman – my brother! I I A GAME OF CHESS The chair she sat in, like a burnished throne, 78 Glowed on the marble, where the glass Held up th e standards wrought with fruited vines From which a golden Cupidon peeped out (Another hid his eyes behind his wings) Doubled the flames of seven branched candelabraReflecting light upon the table as The glitter of her jewels rose to meet it, From satin cases poured in rich profusion; In vials of ivory and colored glass Unstoppered, lurked her strange synthetic perfumes, Unguent, powdered, or liquid – troubled, confused And drowned the sense in odors; stirred by the air That freshened from the window, these ascended In fattening the prolonged candle flames, Flung their smoke into the laquearia, 93 Stirring the pattern on the coffered ceiling. 94 Huge sea-wood fed with copper Burned green and orange, framed by the colored stone, In which sad light a carved dolphin swam.Above the antique mantel was displayed As though a window gave upon the sylvan scene 99 The change in Philomel, by the barbarous king 100 .So rudely forced; yet there the nightingale Filled all the desert with i nviolable voice And still she cried, and still the world pursues, â€Å"Jug Jug† to dirty ears. And other withered stumps of time Were told upon these walls; staring forms Leaned out, leaning, hushing, hushing the room enclosed. Footsteps shuffled on the stair. Under the firelight, under the brush, her hair Spread out in fiery points Glowed into words, then would be savagely still. II A GAME OF CHESS This section of the poem deals with sex without love, especially within marriage, just as Fire Sermon deals with sex outside marriage. Page 8 of 26 The Allusions in T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land. doc The title refers to a game of chess in Women Beware Of Women, a play by Thomas Middleton 1580 – 1627. While the duke is seducing Bianca in the gallery in view of the audience, his confederate is distracting her mother-in-law's attention with a game of chess. 78 The chair she sat in, like a burnished throne An empty, rich woman is sitting at her dressing table.The reference is t o Antony And Cleopatra, Act I, Sc 2, line 194, in which Enobarbus describes Cleopatra at her first meeting with Anthony. The barge she sat in, like a burnish'd throne, Burn'd on the waters, the poop was beaten gold, Purple the sails, and so perfumed that The winds were love-sick with them And later in line 239: Age cannot wither her, nor custom stale Her infinite variety; other women cloy The appetites they feed, but she makes hungry Where most she satisfies. The allusion to Antony and Cleopatra contrasts voluptuous femininity and romantic love, and the artificial and sterile personal relationships in the waste land. 3 laquearia A paneled lacquered ceiling In his notes Eliot refers us to The Aeneid, Book 1 line 726 The chandeliers that hung from the gold fretted ceiling Were lit, and cressets of torches subdued the night with flames Translation by Cecil Day Lewis 94 coffered Decorated with sunken panels 99 sylvan scene Eliot's note refers us to Paradise Lost Book 4, line 140,describ ing the scene before Satan when he first arrives at the borders of Eden. and overhead up-grew Insuperable height of loftiest shade, Cedar, and pine, and fir, and branching palm, A sylvan scene, and, as the ranks ascend, Shade above shade, a woody theatreOf stateliest view. Framed by this sylvan scene we see a reminder of Philomela. 100 The change in Philomel Tereus, king of Thrace married Procne , a girl from Athens. She missed her sister, Philomela, and sent Tereus to fetch her. Tereus fell in love with Philomela and raped her. He then cut out her tongue to prevent her from telling Procne, but she still found out. The sisters revenged themselves on Tereus by killing his son, Itylus, and setting his flesh before Tereus at a banquet. The gods took pity on these people and changed them into various birds: Tereus into a hoopoe, Procne into a swallow and Philomela into a nightingale.Swinburne also uses this myth in The huntsman's chorus in Atalanta In Calydon: And the brown bright night ingale amorous Is half assuaged for Itylus And the Thracian ships and the foreign faces, The tongueless vigil, and all the pain. Eliot uses the nightingale as a symbol of beauty born out of suffering, but in the waste land it only sings â€Å"Jug, jug† to dirty ears. In Elizabethan poetry, â€Å"jug, jug† was a conventional way of representing birdsong, but it was also a crude, joking way of referring to the sex act. Page 9 of 26 The Allusions in T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land. doc A conversation starts at line 111.The woman in quotation marks, her husband not. The woman is sharp, shrill, irritable, the man detached and melancholy. Eliot puts his words in quotation marks, probably to imply that he does not answer at all, but merely says those words to himself. â€Å"My nerves are bad tonight. Yes, bad. stay with me. 111 â€Å"Speak to me. Why do you never speak? Speak. â€Å":What are you thinking of? What thinking? What? â€Å"I never know what you are thinking. Thi nk†. I think we are in rat's alley Where the dead men lost their bones â€Å"What is that noise? † The wind under the door. â€Å"Do you know nothing? Do you see nothing? â€Å"Do you remember nothing? I remember those are pearls that were his eyes. up to here â€Å"Are you alive or not? Is there nothing in your head? † But O O O O that Shakespeherian Rag It's so elegant So intelligent â€Å"What shall I do now? What shall I do? â€Å"I shall rush out as I am, and walk the street â€Å"With my hair down, so. What shall we do tomorrow? â€Å"What shall we ever do? † The hot water at ten. And if it rains, a closed car at four. And we shall play a game of chess Pressing lidless eyes and waiting for a knock upon the door. â€Å"When Lil's husband got demobbed, I said â€Å"I didn't mince my words, I said to her myself,† HURRY UP PLEASE IT'S TIME Now Albert's coming back, make yourself a bit smart. â€Å"He'll want to know what you done with that money he gave you To get yourself some teeth. He did, I was there. ‘You have them all out Lil, and get a nice set' He said, ‘I swear I can't bear to look at you. ‘ And no more can't I, I said, and think of poor Albert He's been in the army four years he wants a good time And if you don't give it him, there's others will, I said. Page 10 of 26 The Allusions in T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land. doc Oh is there, she said, Something o'that I said Then I'll know who to thank, she said, and give me a straight look. HURRY UP PLEASE IT'S TIME â€Å"If you don't like it you can get on with it, I said. Others can pick and choose if you can't. But if Albert takes off, it won't be for lack of telling. You ought to be ashamed, I said, to look so antique. (And her only thirty-one. ) I can't help it, she said, pulling a long face, It's them pills I took, to bring it off, she said. She's had five already, and nearly died of young George. The chemist said it would be all right but I'v e never been the same. You are a proper fool, I said. Well, if Albert won't leave you alone, there it is, I said. What you get married for if you don't want children? HURRY UP PLEASE IT'S TIME â€Å"Well, that Sunday Albert was home, they had a hot gammon, And they asked me to dinner to get the beauty of it hot -† HURRY UP PLEASE IT'S TIME HURRY UP PLEASE IT'S TIME Goonight Bill, Goonight Lou, Goonight May, Goonight. Ta ta, Goonight Good night, ladies, goodnight, sweet ladies, good night, good night. 172 172 Good night, ladies Ophelia's last words before she drowns herself, driven mad by Hamlet's pretended love for her and then his feigned indifference. Hamlet, Act 4, scene 5, line 55 What does Eliot achieve with the allusions in A Game of Chess?The emotions aroused by the physical beauty and charm of Cleopatra, the passions in the rape and revenge of Philomela, the intensity of feeling and hurt that drove Ophelia to suicide, have no place in the lives of the rich or the poor , â€Å"living and partly living† in the waste land. III THE FIRE SERMON The river's tent is broken: the last fingers of leaf 173 Clutch and sink into the wet bank. The wind Crosses the brown land unheard. The nymphs are departed 175 Sweet Thames, run softly, till I end my song. 176 The river bears no empty bottles, sandwich papers, Silk handkerchiefs, cardboard boxes, cigarette endsOr other testimony of summer nights. The nymphs are departed. And their friends, the loitering heirs of city directors; Departed, have left no addresses. By the waters of Leman I sat down and wept . . . 182 Sweet Thames, run softly, till I end my song. Sweet Thames, run softly, for I speak not loud or long But at my back, in a cold blast I hear 185 Page 11 of 26 The Allusions in T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land. doc The rattle of bones and the chuckle spread from ear to ear. The Fire Sermon was preached by the Buddha against the fires of lust, anger, envy and other passions that consumed men.However, the trouble with any sermon is that, as Prospero said, â€Å"the strongest oaths are straw to the fire in the blood. † 173 The river's tent is broken The river's tent evokes the image of the shelter provided in summer by the leafy boughs of trees overhanging a river, a shelter now lost through the loss of leaves at the end of summer. But ‘the river's tent is broken' suggests a deeper and more solemn meaning. Perhaps the loss of some sacred or mystic quality. In the Old Testament, a tent can be a tabernacle or holy place because the wandering tribes of Israel used a tent as a portable tabernacle.In Isaiah 33: 20 we have a reminder of the time when the tabernacle was a tent: â€Å"Look upon Zion, the city of our solemnities: thine eyes shall see Jerusalem a quiet habitation, a tabernacle that shall not be taken down; not one of the stakes thereof shall ever be moved, neither shall any of the cords thereof be broken. † And in Isaiah 33:21 the statement that a river gives power and safety: â€Å"But there the glorious Lord will be unto us a place of broad rivers and streams; wherein shall go no galley with oars, neither shall gallant ships pass thereby. † 175 The nymphs are departedEdmund Spenser celebrates the beauty and joy of marriage in his beautiful lyric, Prothalamion, using the Thames as a perfect pastoral setting. The nymphs that Eliot refers to are probably those described in the lines There in a Meadow, by the river's side, A flocke of Nymphs I chaunced to espy All lovely daughters of the flood thereby. 176 ‘Sweete Themmes runne softely till I end my Song' is the refrain from Prothalamion. (Prothalamion is a song or poem in celebration of a forthcoming wedding. ) 182 By the waters of Leman I sat down and wept Psalm 137 is the lamentation of the Israelites exiled to Babylon, yearning for their homeland.It starts: â€Å"By the waters of Babylon, there we sat down and wept, yea, we wept, when we remembered Zion. † â⠂¬ËœLeman' means an unlawful lover, so the phrase ‘the waters of Leman' is associated with lust. Lac Leman is the French name for Lake Geneva. Eliot worked on The Waste Land at Lausanne, a town near Lake Geneva. in 1922. 185 But at my back, in a cold blast I hear Andrew Marvel in TO HIS COY MISTRESS: Had we but world enough and time This coyness, Lady, were no crime, . . . But at my back I always hear Time's winged chariot hurrying near; And yonder all before us lie Deserts of vast eternity. Page 12 of 26 The Allusions in T. S.Eliot's The Waste Land. doc 192 And on the king my father's death before him Eliot's note refers to The Tempest, Act 1, scene 2, line 390. Ferdinand has just heard Ariel singing â€Å"Come unto these yellow sands† and says Sitting on a bank Weeping again the king my father's wreck, This music crept by me upon the waters, Allaying both their fury and my passion With its sweet air 193 White bodies naked on the low damp ground The drowned Phoenician sailor of Line 47 is a kind of fertility god whose image is thrown into the sea each spring to symbolize the death of summer, without which death there could be no resurrection of the new year.Southam claims that ‘the white bodies' here refer to the image of the fertility god taken out of the water to symbolize the god's resurrection. 197 The sound of horns and motors John Day in THE PARLIAMENT OF BEES: When of a sudden, listening, you shall hear, The noise of horns and hunting, which shall bring Actaeon to Diana in the Spring Where all shall see her naked skin. 199 O the moon shine bright on Mrs Porter The words come from a ballad popular with the Australian troops in world War 1. Mrs Porter was a legendary brothel keeper in Cairo. 202 Et 0 ces voix d'enfants chantant dans la coupole! And O those voices of children singing in the copula! † Paul Verlaine in Parsifal. Southam claims that Verlaine is referring to Wagner's Parsifal and its music. In the Grail Legend, the ch ildren's choir sings at the ceremonial foot washing before the knight Parsifal restores the wounded Anfortas, the Fisher King, and so lifts the curse from the waste land. Line 205 So rudely forced refers again to the rape of Philomela by Tereus. ‘Tereu' is the Latin vocative form of Tereus. This interpretation of the nightingale's song is found in ALEXANDER AND CAMPASPE BY John Lyly: ‘Oh, tis the ravished nightingale Jug, jug, jug, jug, tereu! he cries. ‘ ‘Tereu', being the vocative, implies that she is addressing Tereus. Line 211 C. i. f. London is the price, including cost, insurance, freight to London. At the violet hour, when the eyes and back 215 Page 13 of 26 The Allusions in T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land. doc Turn upward from the desk, when the human engine waits Like a taxi throbbing waiting, I Tiresias, though blind, throbbing between two lives, 218 Old man with wrinkled female breasts, can see At the violet hour, the evening hour that strives 220 Hom eward, and brings the sailor home from sea, 221 The typist home at teatime, clears her breakfast lightsHer stove, and lays out food in tins. Out of the window perilously spread Her drying combinations touched by the sun's last rays, On the divan are piled (at night her bed) Stockings, slippers, camisoles, and stays. I Tiresias, old man with wrinkled female dugs Perceived the scene, and foretold the rest He, the young man carbuncular. arrives, A small house agent's clerk, with one bold stare One of low on whom assurance sits As a silk hat on a Bradford millionaire. 234 The time is now propitious, as he guesses, The meal is over, she is bored and tired, Endeavors to engage her in caresses Which still are unreproved, if undesired.Flushed and decided, he assaults at once; Exploring hands encounter no defense; His vanity requires no response, And makes a welcome of indifference. (And I Tiresias have foresuffered all Enacted on this same divan or bed; I who have sat by Thebes below the wa ll 245 And walked among the lowest of the dead. ) 246 Bestows one final patronizing kiss, And gropes his way, finding the stairs unlit. She turns and looks a moment in the glass, Hardly aware of her departed lover; Her brain allows one half-formed thought to pass: â€Å"Well now that's done: and I am glad it's over† When lovely woman stoops to folly and 253Paces about her room again, alone, She smoothes her hair with automatic hand And puts a record on the gramophone. 215 At the violet hour This refers to Dante's PURGAT0RY, Canto 8. It was the hour when a sailor's thoughts, the first day out, turn homeward, and his heart yearns for the loved ones he has left behind, the hour when the novice pilgrim aches Page 14 of 26 The Allusions in T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land. doc with love: the far off tolling of a bell now seems to him to mourn the dying day. Translation by Frank Musa. (A pity I did not have Musa's translations of Inferno and Paradiso. ) 218 I TiresiasIn lines 218 to 22 0, Eliot refers to the prophetic powers of Tiresias and the fact that he was bisexual, quoting Ovid's METAMORPHOSES in Latin. But we can settle for a free translation: Tiresias saw snakes mating in the forest. He hit them with his staff and was changed into a woman. Seven years later he saw the same two snakes and hit them again. As he had hoped, he was turned back into a man. Because he had experience as both a man and a woman, Jove called him in as an expert witness in a quarrel with his wife, Juno. He was arguing that in love the woman enjoys the greater pleasure; she argued that the man did.Tiresias supported Jove. Juno then blinded him out of spite. To make up for this, Jove gave him long life and the power of prophesy. Eliot also points out how the point-of-view in The Waste Land changes: â€Å"Tiresias, although a mere spectator and not indeed a ‘character', is yet the most important personage in the poem, uniting all the rest. Just as the one-eyed merchant, seller of currants, melts into the Phoenician Sailor, and the latter is not wholly distinct from Ferdinand, Prince of Naples, so all the women are one woman, the two sexes meet in Tiresias.What Tiresias sees, in fact, is the substance of the poem. † 220 the evening hour that strives Eliot refers us to Sappho's prayer to the Evening Star: Oh, Evening Star that brings back all That shining Dawn has scattered far and wide, You bring back the sheep, the goat, And the child back to its mother. 221 and brings the sailor home from sea Eliot says he meant the longshore fisherman who returns at nightfall. 234 Silk hat upon a Bradford millionaire The manufacturing town of Bradford produced many new-rich millionaires during the first World War 245 I who have sat by Thebes below the wallTiresias is a key figure in King Oedipus by Sophocles because he knew that the pollution in Thebes came from Oedipus himself, and it is to prove him wrong that Oedipus embarks on his searching inquiries. Note that i n Thebes the people, the soil and the animals were all made infertile. 246 And walked among the lowest of the dead The Odyssey Book 10, lines 488 to 495 has the first reference to Tiresias in literature. speaks: Son of Laertes and seed of Zeus, resourceful Odysseus, You shall no longer stay in my house when none of you wish to; but first there is another journey you must accomplish nd reach the house of Hades and revered Persephone, there to consult with the soul of Teiresias the Theban, the blind prophet, whose senses stay unshaken within him, Page 15 of 26 The Allusions in T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land. doc Circe to whom alone Persephone has granted intelligence even after death, but the rest of them are flittering shadows. Translation by Richmond Lattimore 253 When lovely woman stoops to folly In The Vicar of Wakefield by Oliver Goldsmith, Olivia returns to the place where she was seduced and sings: When lovely woman stoops to folly The only art her guilt to cover' And finds too l ate that men betray,To hide her shame from every eye, What charm can soothe her melancholy, To get repentance from her lover, What art can wash her guilt away? And wring his bosom, is to die. And wring his bosom, is to die â€Å"This music crept by me upon the waters† 257 And along the Strand, up Queen Victoria Street, O City city, I can sometimes hear Beside a public bar in Lower Thames Street The pleasant whining of mandolin And a clatter and a chatter from within Where fishmen lounge at noon: where the walls 263 Of Magnus Martyr hold 264 Inexplicable splendor of Ionian white and gold. The river sweats 266 Oil and tar The barges drift 68 With the turning tide Red sails Wide to leeward, swing on the heavy spar. The barges wash Drifting logs Down Greenwich reach Past the isle of dogs. Weialala leia 277 Wallala leialala Elizabeth and Leicester 279 Beating oars The stern was formed A gilded shell Red and gold The brisk swell Rippled both shores Southwest wind Carried down strea m The peal of bells Page 16 of 26 The Allusions in T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land. doc White towers Weialala leia Wallala leialala â€Å"Trams and dusty trees Highbury bore me. Richmond and Kew 293 Undid me. By Richmond I raised my knees 294 Supine on the floor of a narrow canoe. † My feet are at Moorgate, and my heart Under my feet. After the event He wept. Promised ‘a new start' I made no comment. What should I resent? † â€Å"On Margate Sands. 301 I can connect Nothing with nothing The broken fingernails of dirty hands. My people, humble people who expect Nothing. † la la To Carthage then I came 308 Burning burning burning 309 O Lord Thou pluckest me out 310 O Lord Thou pluckest Burning 312 257 â€Å"This music crept by me upon the waters† See line 192 263 Fishmen are workers at nearby Billingsgate market. 264 Eliot says he regards the interior of Magnus Martyr as one of the finest of Christopher Wren's interiors 66 The river is the Thames. The song of the three Thames daughters starts here . From 292 to 306 they speak in turn. 268 The barges drift Some of this scene is based on the description of the river at the start of Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness. 277 Weialala leia The lament of the Rhine-maidens because the beauty of the river has been lost with the theft of the river's gold. As in the Grail legend, the theft has brought a curse. 279 Elizabeth and Leicester were thought to be lovers. In Froude's Elizabeth (Vol I chapter 4) there is a letter about a trip they took on the Thames. 293, 294 Highbury bore me.Richmond and Kew undid me. Eliot refers us to Canto 5 in Dante's Purgatory, which deals with those who died a violent death. At its end a woman from Sienna whose husband had suspected her of adultery and had her pushed out of a window in Maremma, speaks to the Pilgrim: Oh please, when you are in the world again and are quite rested from your journey here, Oh please remember me! I am called Pia Sienna gave me life, Ma remma death, as he knows who began it when he put his gem upon my finger, pledging faith. Mark Musa comments on how this short speech reveals her gentle and considerate Page 17 of 26 The Allusions in T. S.Eliot's The Waste Land. doc nature: â€Å"when you are in the world again and quite rested from your journey here† 294 Undid me. By Richmond I raised my knees The first two Thames daughters (292 to 295, 296 to 299) simply accept what happens to them. 301 â€Å"On Margate Sands. Eliot started writing The Waste Land on Margate Sands when he was recovering from a breakdown. But Eliot would deny the relevance of this. He said: â€Å"The more perfect the artist, the more completely separate in him will be the man who suffers and the mind which creates; the more perfectly will the mind digest and transmit the passions which are its material. 308 To Carthage then I came St Augustine's Confessions: ‘to Carthage then I came, where a cauldron of unholy loves sang all about min e ears. ‘ 309 Burning burning burning From The Fire Sermon, which Eliot sees as corresponding to the Sermon on the Mount. The Buddha says that â€Å"forms are on fire, †¦ impressions received by the eye are on fire: and whatever sensation, pleasant, unpleasant or indifferent, originates in dependence on impressions received by the eye, that also is on fire. And with what are these on fire? With the fire of passion, say I, with the fire of hatred, with the fire of infatuation. The Fire Sermon can be found in Henry Clarke Warren's Buddhism in Translation, Harvard Oriental Series. 310 O Lord Thou pluckest me out St Augustine's Confessions: â€Å"I entangle my steps with these beauties, but Thou pluckest me out, O Lord, Thou pluckest me out. † Eliot says that : â€Å"The collocation of these two representatives of eastern and western asceticism, as the culmination of this part of the poem, is not an accident. † 312 burning In Canto 25, Dante reaches the last st age of the mountain of Purgatory, where he meets those who atone for the deadly sin of lechery, by fire. As long as they must burn within the fire the cure of flames, the diet of the hymns with these the last of their wounds is healed. ‘ Translated by Mark Musa IV DEATH BY WATER Phlebas the Phoenician, a fortnight dead, Forgot the cry of gulls, the deep sea swell And profit and loss. A current under the sea 315 Picked his bones in whispers. As he rose and fell he passed the stages of his youth Entering the whirlpool. Gentile or Jew 319 Page 18 of 26 The Allusions in T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land. doc O you who turn the wheel and turn to windward, Consider Phlebas, who was once as handsome and tall as you.Helen Gardner described Death by water as â€Å"a passage of ineffable peace in which the stain of living is washed away. † Southam points out that â€Å"This section is a close adaptation of the last seven lines of a French poem Dans le Restaurant written by Elliot in 1916 – 1917. † Here is a translation by Southam: Phlebas the Phoenician, a fortnight drowned, Forgot the cry of gulls, and the swell of the Cornish sea and the profit and the loss, and the cargo of tin. An undersea current carried him far, Took him back through the ages of his past. Imagine it – a terrible end for man once so handsome and tall. 15 and 316 A current under the sea This is again on the theme of sea change of Line 48: Those are pearls that were his eyes 319 Gentile or Jew That is, all mankind. (The Jews in this case mean the faithful and the gentiles those who rejected God. ) V WHAT THE THUNDER SAID After the torchlight red on sweaty faces 322 After the frosty silence in the gardens After the agony in stony places The shouting and the crying Prison and palace and reverberation Of thunder of spring over distant mountains He who was living is now dead And we who were living are now dying With a little patience 326 327Here is no water, but only rock 331 Rock and no water and the sandy road The road winding above among the mountains Which are mountains of rock without water If there were water we should stop and drink Amongst the rock one cannot stop and think Sweat is dry and feet are in the sand If there were only water amongst the rock Dead mountain mouth of carious teeth that cannot spit Here one cannot neither stand nor lie nor sit There is not even silence in the mountains But dry sterile thunder without rain There is not even solitude in the mountain But red sullen faces sneer and snarl From doors of mudcracked housesIf there were water And no rock If there were rock Page 19 of 26 The Allusions in T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land. doc And also water A spring A pool among the rock If there were the sound of water only No the cicada and dry grass singing But the sound of water over a rock Where the hermit-thrush sings in the pine trees Drip drop drip drop drop drop drop But there is no water 359 Who is the third who walks always b eside you? 360 When I count there is only you and I together But when I look ahead up the white road There is always another one walking beside you Wrapped in a brown mantle, hoodedI do not know whether a man or a woman – But who is that on the other side of you? 366 What is the sound high in the air 367 Murmur of maternal lamentation Who are those hooded hordes swarming Over endless plains, stumbling in cracked earth Ringed by the flat horizon only What is the city over the mountains Cracks and reforms and bursts in the violet air Falling towers Jerusalem Athens Alexandria Vienna London Unreal 377 A woman drew her long black hair out tight 378 And fiddled whisper music on those strings And bats with baby faces in the violet light Whistled, and beat their wingsAnd crawled head downward down a blackened wall And upside down in air were towers Tolling reminiscent bells, that tolled the hours And voices singing out of empty cisterns and exhausted wells 385 What the thunder said Eliot says in his notes: â€Å"In the first part of Part V three themes are employed: the journey to Emmaus, the approach to the Chapel Perilous, (see Miss Weston's book) and the present decay of eastern Europe. † (The book is Miss Jessie L Weston's From Ritual to Romance on the Grail legend. He says it â€Å"will elucidate the difficulties of the poem much better than my notes can do. ) 322 to 330 refer to the events from the betrayal and arrest of Jesus until his death, as described in John 18. Page 20 of 26 The Allusions in T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land. doc 322 torchlight on sweaty faces John 18: 3 â€Å"Judas then, having received a band of men and officers from the chief priests and Pharisees, cometh hither with lanterns and torches and weapons. † 326 Prison and palace and reverberation: Jesus was taken under arrest to the palace of the high priest, where he was publicly interrogated and then taken to the Roman governor, Pontius Pilate in the hall of judgment 27 Reverberation of thunder: Matthew 27: 50, 51 â€Å"Jesus, then when he had cried again with a loud voice, yielded up the ghost. And behold, the veil of the temple was rent in twain from the top to the bottom; and the earth did quake and the rocks rent. † 331 Here is no water, but only rock: The God, as represented here by Jesus has been killed, and this is followed by spiritual death, the image of which is a barren, mountainous world of rock and sand. This is a place of physical and emotional purgatory. The search in WHAT THE THUNDER SAID is for water, for the sacred river and its wisdom.But there is no water. 353 to 355 are an echo of lines 23 to 25. 360 to 367: Even when man's savior has arisen, man cannot recognize him. Luke 24, 13 to 21 describes the journey to Emmaus. Christ has arisen, but his disciples think that he is gone from them forever. He meets two of them on the road to Emmaus, but they do not recognize him. Eliot says that lines 360 to 365 were stimulated by a n account by Shackleton of an Antarctic exhibition on which the exhausted explorers were haunted by the delusion that there was one more person with them than could be counted. 67 to 377: Eliot quotes Herman Hesse: Blick ins Chaos: â€Å"Already half of Europe, already at least half of eastern Europe, is reeling towards the abyss in a state of drunken illusion, and as she reels sings a drunken hymn, as Dimitri Karamasoff sang. The insulted masses laugh these songs to scorn, the saint and the seer hear them with tears. † Eliot was deeply concerned about the decay of Eastern Europe. Coote: â€Å"With the collapse of spiritual values, with moral and financial ruin after the First World War and, further, the massive rises in population, there was at this time a widespread fear of revolution.The example had already been set by Russia, and what Eliot pictured here is a swarming, mindless anarchy reared on the ‘endless plains of eastern Europe which, with their ‘cracked earth' and ‘flat horizon' correspond to the Waste Land itself. † 378 to 385: The Chapel Perilous was filled with horrors to test a knight's courage; nightmare visions, including bats with baby faces, assail him on his approach. Eliot says that some of the details of this part of the poem were inspired by a painting of the school of Hieronymus Bosch, some of whose works are grotesque and horrifying visions of Hell. 85: empty cisterns and exhausted wells In the Old Testament these signify drying up of faith and the worship of false gods. In this decayed hole among the mountains 386 In the faint moonlight, the grass is singing Over the tumbled graves, about the chapel Page 21 of 26 The Allusions in T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land. doc There is the empty chapel, only the wind's home. It has no windows, and the door swings, Dry bones can harm no one. Only a cock stood on the rooftree Co co rico co co rico In a flash of lighting. Then a damp gust Bringing rain 395 Ganga has sunk en, and the limp leaves 396 Waited for rain, while black cloudsGathered far distant over Himavant. 398 The jungle crouched, humped in silence. Then spoke the thunder DA 401 Datta: what have we given? My friend, blood shaking my heart The awful daring of a moment's surrender Which an age of prudence can never retract By this and this only, we have existed Which is not to be found in our obituaries Or in memories draped by the beneficent spider 409 Or under seals broken by the lean solicitor In our empty rooms. 386 to 395: For this quester the Chapel Perilous has become a decayed hole among the mountains. The chapel is empty, the symbols have lost their meaning. Coote: â€Å"There is only the wind's home.The seeker has pushed himself to the absolute and found nothing. The traditions are dead. It is at this moment that there comes a glimpse of partial salvation Only a cock stood on the rooftree Co co rico co co rico In a flash of lighting. Then a damp gust Bringing rain This clarion c all announces a new stage symbolized by the possibility of rain. For the moment it is ‘far distant'. But the thunder is no longer sterile. The flash of lightning, the flash of spiritual as well as actual illumination prepares us for the voice of God and his command to creatures to ‘give, sympathize, control', to free themselves from the world of selfish desire. 396 Ganga is the Ganges, the sacred river of India. It is the home of the early vegetation myths 398: Himavant is a holy mountain in the Himalayan range. 401: DA Here is the fable of the meaning of the thunder given in the Upanishads, the sacred writings of Hinduism: 1. The threefold descendants of Prajapati, gods, men and evil spirits, dwelt as students with their father, Prajapati. Having finished their studentship, the gods said: â€Å"Tell us something, Sir†. He told them the syllable da. Then he said: â€Å"Did you understand? † They said: we did understand. You told us ‘Damyatta', Be subd ued. † â€Å"Yes† he said, you have understood. 2.Then the men said unto him: â€Å"Tell us something, Sir†. He told them the same syllable da. Then he said: â€Å"Did you understand? † Page 22 of 26 The Allusions in T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land. doc They said: we did understand. You told us ‘Datta, Give. † â€Å"Yes† he said, you have understood. 3. Then the men said unto him: â€Å"Tell us something, Sir†. He told them the same syllable da. Then he said: â€Å"Did you understand? † They said: we did understand. You told us ‘Dayadvam, Be merciful. † â€Å"Yes† he said, you have understood. The divine voice of thunder repeats the same Da da da, that is Be subdued, Give, Be merciful. Therefore let this triad be taught.Subduing, Giving and Mercy. 402 to 410 Giving, here means giving yourself in love, losing yourself in love of others, beyond the neurotic love of A Game of Chess. 407 Memories draped by the b eneficent spider Eliot refers us to John Webster's The White Devil where Flamineo warns against the inconstancy of women. they'll remarry ere the worm pierce your winding-sheet, ere the spider Make a thin curtain for your epitaphs. DA Dayadvam: I have heard the key 412 Turn in the door once and turn once only We think of the key, each in his prison Thinking of the key, each confirms a prison Only at nightfall, ethereal rumorsRevive for a moment a broken Coriolanus. 417 DA Damyata: The boat responded 419 Gaily to the hand expert with sail and oar The sea was calm, your heart would have responded Gaily, when invited, beating obedient To controlling hands. 423 412: I have heard the key Eliot refers us to Inferno, Canto 33, line 46: Ugolino: I heard the key below the door of the dreadful tower being locked, and I looked at the faces of my sons without a word. I did not weep, I had so turned to stone within me. They wept . . . Dante is now in that part of Hell where traitors are punished and sees Count Ugolino and Archbishop Ruggiero.In the struggle between the Ghibelline and Guelph factions that split Italy, Ugolino, a Ghibelline, conspired with Giovanni Visconti to raise the Guelphs to power. Three years later he plotted with Ruggiero, the head of the Ghibellines to rid Pisa of the Visconti. Ruggiero had other plans, and imprisoned Ugolino, together with his sons in a tower where they were left to starve to death. When the door was locked, the key was thrown in the river. Coote: â€Å"The cold-blooded traitor seeking his own advantage is the most anti-social of sinners, the destroyer of social order which – at least in its ideal form – was for Dante the work of God.To abuse it was a deadly offence. There is no sympathy here, no working for the common weal. One Page 23 of 26 The Allusions in T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land. doc form of spiritual death, Eliot is saying, is total and sterile selfishness. In political terms, this means the self-seeking of Ugolino and Coriolanus. † 417 Revive for a moment a broken Coriolanus Another example of tragic selfishness. Coriolanus was so obsessed with his own honour and dignity that he went over to the enemies of Rome. All that was available to him there was selfdestructive violence. He is â€Å"broken† because his selfishness led to his death. 11 to 417 On the subject of our isolation from others, our lack of sympathy and hence our need to feel sympathy for others, Eliot quotes from F H Bradley's Appearance and Reality: â€Å"My external sensations are no less private to myself than are my thoughts and feelings. In either case my experience falls within my own circle, a circle closed on the outside; and, with all its elements alike, every sphere is opaque to the others which surround it . . . In brief, regarded as an existence which appears in a soul, the whole world for each is peculiar to that soul. 419 to 423 Damyata implies self-control, a restraint that you put upon desi re. Coote: â€Å"Eliot's interpretation is somewhat different. He takes a moment of one-ness while sailing and compares it to the wished-for unity of lover and beloved. Contented human passion is again the value most to be prized, but here control becomes not self-constraint but the feeling of order derived from a rightly conceived unity with one's beloved and the elements – the prosperous world of water and returned affection. â€Å"However, the moment of revelation and of possible potency is not complete and, as we shall see, is not final either.What the thunder urges on man is love, the free surrendering of self and the consequent spiritual and psychological health of the private and universal Waste Land redeemed. But such loss of self can neither be complete nor permanent. Mankind is obliged to return to his own closed circle of perception. The best he can hope for is a remembered glimpse of what has been or could have been experienced, and the Narrator is forced to rec all this in isolation. † I sat upon the shore Fishing, with the arid plain behind me Shall I at least set my lands in order? London bridge is falling down falling down falling downPoi s'ascose nel foco che gli afina 428 Quando fiam uti chelidon – o swallow swallow 429 Le Prince d'Aquitaine a la tour abolie 430 These fragments I have shored against my ruins Why then Ile fit you. Hieronymo's mad againe. 432 Datta. Dayadvam. Damyata Shanti shanti shanti 434 424 to 434 It is with this isolation that the poem ends. The protagonist has gone in search of the water of life and ends up fishing with the arid plains behind him. Williamson: â€Å"Having traveled the Grail road to no avail, he ends in the knowing but helpless state of the Fisher King.Now that the Thunder has spoken he is the Man with Three Staves – with three cardinal virtues that could be supports, that would ensure the rain. But awareness is not will, and so he thinks of preparing for death, with a questio n that recalls Isaiah 38:1: ‘Set thine house in order: for thou shalt die, and not live. ‘ This preparation involves some account of his fishing for life, of the fragments or ‘broken images' which he has shored against his ruins. This defines not only his predicament and state of mind, but the discoveries that are indicated in the poem.As partial quotations they are in fact ‘fragments' that have their full Page 24 of 26 The Allusions in T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land. doc meaning in other contexts; they summarise the ‘broken images' of truths left in the Waste Land. Even nursery rhymes may contain or hide terrible truths; so ‘London Bridge' presents an image of modern disintegration, of sinking into the river. † 428 Poi s'ascose nel foco che gli afina Purgatory, Canto 26: 142 to 148: Dante is here in the circle of the lustful who repented, and speaks to his old poetic mentor Guinizelli.Then he sees Arnaut Daniel, ‘il miglior fabbro' a be tter craftsman than Guinizelli, who says: ‘I am Arnaut, singing now through my tears regretfully recalling my past follies, and joyfully anticipating joy. I beg you in the name of that great power guiding you to the summit of the stairs: remember, in the good time, my suffering here. ‘ Then in the purifying flames he hid. Translated by Frank Musa (The last line is the one quoted in The Waste Land) Eliot says of these lines: â€Å"The souls in Purgatory suffer because they wish to suffer, for in purgation through suffering is their hope. † 29 Quando fiam uti chelidon When shall I be like the swallow? From the anonymous Latin poem Pervigilium Veneris (The Vigil of Venus) which, according to George Steiner, â€Å"was written in a darkening time, amid the breakdown of classical literacy. † The poet who knows that the Muses can perish by silence (perdidi musam tacendo), laments that his song is unheard and asks when spring will give it a voice, so that it can re turn like the swallow. 430 Le Prince d'Aquitaine a la tour abolie The Prince of Aquitaine has a ruined castle From the sonnet El Desdichado ( The Disinherited) by Gerard de Nerval.Southam: â€Å"The poet refers to himself in this sonnet as the disinherited prince, heir to the tradition of the French troubadour poets of Aquitaine in Southern France. One of the cards in the Tarot pack is the tower struck by lighting, symbolizing a lost tradition. † 432 Why then Ile fit you. Hieronymo's mad againe. The Spanish Tragedy by Thomas Kyd is sub-titled Hieronymo's mad againe. Southam: Hieronymo is driven mad by the murder of his son. When he is asked to write a court entertainment, he replies. ‘Why then Ile fit you! meaning ‘Why then I'll produce something fitting for you! He arranges that his son's murderers are themselves killed in his little play, which was made up of poetry in ‘sundry languages', exactly as in The Waste Land. 434 Shanti shanti shanti In his notes Eliot says that this is the formal ending to an Upanishad. Page 25 of 26 The Allusions in T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land. doc The equivalent in the Anglican faith would be as in Phillipians 4, verse 7: And the peace of God which surpasses all understanding, shall keep your hearts and minds through Christ Jesus. Page 26 of 26 The Allusions in T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land. doc