Miller’s dramatic presentation Essay

Discuss Arthur Miller’s dramatic presentation of Mary Warren in ‘The Crucible’. Arthur Miller’s play ‘The Crucible’ is based on the events in a 17th Century town called Salem, where a young girl by the name of Abigail Williams cries witchcraft when she is almost charged for conjuring spells. Abigail and her friends were caught dancing on night around a fire by their town priest and Abigail’s uncle Reverend Parris. After that day strange things were believed to have happened, consequently leading to a lot of women being charged of witchcraft. This was quite unfortunate as back in 1692 the penalty of witchcraft was hanging. In Act one, Mary is presented as a naive, scared and a â€Å"lonely, seventeen year old girl†. Whom evidently is bullied by her employer John Proctor and the other girls in the village, especially Abigail, as she is petrified at been called a witch by the other village people. Mary also comes across as being pathetic in the sense that she has no real friends and relies on a liar like Abigail for trust. Miller in his own words, describes Mary Warren as a â€Å"naive, lonely, subservient seventeen year old girl†, who is treated with little respect by Abigail and the other girls. † Oh, you’re a great one for lookin’, aren’t you Mary Warren? What a grand peeping courage you have! It is possible that the other girls are in fact terrified of her, knowing that she is weak and can easily slip up under pressure, reviling their doings in the forest that night. When she meets John Proctor, a strong willed character who is not afraid to speak his mind, Mary expectedly is very frightened of him as he regularly threatens her and occasionally refers to giving her a whipping! â€Å"I’ll show you a great doin’ on your arse one of these days. Now get home; my wife is waitin’ with your work! † Mary very quickly jumps to the sound of his voice and as Miller describes in a stage direction, ‘trying to retain a shred of dignity, she goes slowly out’. This highlights the control some like Proctor has on someone like Mary. In Act two, the audience learns a great deal about the events happening in Salem through Mary, hence she being made an official of the court. This in a way speaks on it’s own, how totally out of hand the situation in Salem has become with someone of Mary stature being made an official of the court and the share pace of everything in just eight days. Mary later informs us on the amount accused, â€Å"No sir. There be thirty-nine now† This being thirty-nine women, thirty-nine charges and trials of those being accused of witchcraft, in just eight days from when Abigail fist accused Tituba of witchcraft! Through Mary, the audience is made aware of the influence Abigail has on the court and the Salem community and reveals how Elizabeth was accused with sending her spirit out against Abigail. This was due to Abigail dislike of Elizabeth and desire to get rid of her so she could have John Proctor all to herself. Hence Mary immediately connects herself to the condemning of Abigail’s accusation and saving of Elizabeth’s life. â€Å"I saved her life today! † Miller ensures that the audience are aware of the absurdity of the situation in Salem, due to the court appointing a servant girl like Mary as an official. Unlike Proctor, she doesn’t speak out of her place and listens and does everything she is told to by such people like Parris or Danforth which could explain why the court were keen to appoint some like her as an official. Although we also notice a change in Mary Warren’s character from being a good, obedient servant to a slightly ruthless more and self confident young woman. â€Å"I’ll not stand whipping anymore! † This is directed at Proctor as he tries to order Mary around, but fails. Furthermore, on her return from court, Mary unknowingly condemns Elizabeth by giving her a ‘poppet’ with a needle placed in it as a gift she had earlier on that day in court. We later discover that this proves to be very unfortunate on Elizabeth’s behalf as she is later charged for sending her spirit out against Abigail and stabbing her. After Elizabeth is taken away, Proctor realises that in order to save his wife, he needs Mary to support him in court as a witness against Abigail and the other girls. To prove all their outbursts in court of being attacked by spirits were false and just an act. At the end of Act two Mary is clearly frightened by Elizabeth’s arrest, as she really begins to see Abigail true influence over the court and ends up being bullied to give evidence against her. In Act three when Mary arrives in court to accuse the girls of lying, she seems to refer to her previous characteristics in Act one of being very quite and frightened, as to what the other girls might do to her if she talks. â€Å"I cannot, they’ll turn on me† This taken from the end of Act two and shows the hold of fear someone like Abigail still has on her. On of the most dramatic incidents in the play, is when all the other girls turn on Mary by saying they see her spirit and begin to repeat whatever she says: Mary: â€Å"Abby, you mustn’t! † Abby+ other girls: â€Å"Abby, you mustn’t! † This eventually make Mary realise that she will be accused of witchcraft if she continues to oppose Abigail and evidently Mary turns against Proctor and accuses him of making her defy the court and turning her to the devil. Thus Mary returns to her new found personality of being confidents and only thinking of herself. In conclusion, Mary Warren’s character makes ‘The Crucible’ tenser through Arthur Miller’s dramatic presentation of her. Presented through his description of her being † and subservient† in the begging of Act one, to her speaking and acting on, with more confidence in Act two. In addition, in Act three Mary is once again bullied by Abigail and Proctor to an extent that she breaks down into tears at one point and speaks out of proportion to save herself. Therefore once again she ends up being described in the manner of being ‘terrified, pleading and almost collapsing’, when she is finally pushed by Abigail and Proctor to designate between them. Thus she is once again a pathetic loner!

Mmse in Nursing Essay

A mini mental state examination (MMSE) also known as the Folstein test is a brief 30-point questionnaire test that is used to screen for cognitive impairment in a patient. It’s use I normally in medicine to screen for the presence of dementia. In this case I used it to estimate the severity of cognitive impairment at a given point in time and to follow the course of cognitive changes in an individual over time. Functions assessed are usually arithmetic, memory and orientation (Changsu Han, 2008). I assessed Mrs. Pandey’s state of cognitive impairment using the mini mental state examination. Mrs. Pandey is a young lady suffering from multiple sclerosis. At this point we assume that she has a normal cognitive state and it was proven correct by the mini mental state examination. After my assessment I found that the MMSE was easy to perform in a way that the type of questions to address where given to me already, concentration was nowon effective communicaion with Mrs. Pandey and developing confidence in her to answer the questions to the best of her ability. To some individuals it is difficult to ask some of the questions , an example was the one question were i had to ask the patient to count backwards from 100 by 7. This was because the patient could find it difficult to understand what is required by the question or interprete in a different way, which can affect the accuracy in determining the patient’s state of cognitive impairment. Some of the questions sounded a bit silly which could possibly annoy the patient especially when they have a normal cognitive state (McMurray, A. 2005). This I thought could cause psychological depression to the patient since they might feel they could be so silly enough not to answer some of the questions correctly. The advantage in this examination could be that no answer is wrong; it is just a way of assessing their state of cognitive assessment. Communication was not much a problem. An issue could be misunderstanding the aim or the purpose of the examination; I did do my best I think to explain the purpose of the exam. I really did not need to rephrase most of the questions because Mrs. Pandey is of an English speaking background therefore I just needed to say it as it is. I do not think, though, that my question could help me draw a definite conclusion because people make mistake even if their cognition is normal due to anxiety and nervousness therefore it is difficult to draw an accurate conclusion (Galea, M. Woodward, M. 2005 ) (McMurray, A. 2005). In terms of the video, i was a little disappointed because i was not speaking loud enough so some of the things i said could not be heard in the video. all in all i think i did a good job in communicating with the patuent, i had a profound open posture to the patient and the patient to examiner positioning was perfect in that it gave the patient a state of superiority

Higher Health Insurance Premiums This Year Blame ObamaCare Essay

Higher Health Insurance Premiums This Year Blame ObamaCare - Essay Example However, experts say that issuing a superb apology serves to simplify complex issues. This argument is logical since the author immensely recognizes the importance of issuing an apology (Donelly). He continues to proof this by saying that in order to ensure that clients get over the awful feelings, they need a prompt apology. It is imperative to state that there is efficient organization of this article as it clearly outlines the nature of an apology such as a warm salutation in order to soften the recipient and should be inclusive of terms such as sorry, apologize, and regret (Donelly). The author tries to outline the fundamental nature of an apology. He continues to emphasize that the format of an apology largely depends on the client relationship and writing should be the suitable way of issuing an apology. On my opinion, I deeply agree with the author that apologies serve to enhance efficient interaction with other individuals as they serve to minimize conflicts. An apology should be timely as the worst practice is waiting for a long time before issuing an apology, as customers will get angrier. It is worth concluding that one should send an apology after the occurrence of the incident in order to minimize

Why South Europe would disagree or agree with Turkey joining the EU Essay

Why South Europe would disagree or agree with Turkey joining the EU - Essay Example Italian consolidation is considered relatively slow and it is not yet clear when the state became firmly democratic (McLaren 10). Spain’s consolidation is much clearer and its transition process began after the Franco’s death in 1975. Within a span of three years it had ratified a democratic constitution and held a democratic election (McLaren 11). All the three countries have large populations and land mass and this raises the potential difficulty in the governance and consolidation unlike the smaller Southern European nations such as Greece and Portugal. Both Spain and Turkey have faced threats of regional separatism as they are forced to tighten their security against the separatist movements. Their own armed forces are potential risks towards the stability of these countries. Although this is the case, Italy and Spain have been capable of consolidating their democracies while Turkey has failed (McLaren 16). The following factors explain the differences in these three countries; the level of stateness problems during the early transition periods and how the regimes handled those problems, economic crisis and economic development during the time of transition, methods used to design the new rules for the regime, military professionalism, and the external factors influence on the consolidation of democracy (McLaren 16). I will disagree with Turkey joining the European Union because of a number of factors. Looking at the background of Turkey and other members of the sub region, it is very clear that Turkey has failed in its democracy and the others have thrived well despite all of them starting at the same point. The per capita GDP of Turkey indicates that the country is faced with poverty and this may raise fears among the members of the European Union in terms of the increased immigration and workers from Turkey taking over their jobs (Emerson and

Women in African Diaspora religion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Women in African Diaspora religion - Essay Example However, these Diaspora religions have an impact on the way gender issues are advancing in the United States of America. These Diaspora religions do this in a number of ways; These Diaspora religions offer many services to the members. However, because the highest number of people in these churches is women, they benefit more from these services. These women are able to get financial support, legal advice, and even counseling. This increases the socioeconomic empowerment of these women. As a result, the presence of these African Diaspora religions has been a boost to the American bid to empower women politically, finally and socially (Griffith & Savage, 2006). It is good to note that the African Diaspora citizens in United States of America make up to one million people, most of whom are women. Most of these people live in American gateway cities such as New York and los Angeles. This means that their impact on socioeconomic matters is likely to affect the rest of the population in United States. As a result, the African Diaspora religions are doing a great job in bringing empowerment to United States of America. These churches also offer political forums albeit in an informal way. They offer these forums in two main ways. To begin with, the church services are full of political connotations and political matters are involved in these services such as in sermons. The leadership in these churches use the pulpit to discuss political matters of their home-country politics and with politics in United States of America. The other way in which these churches offer a political forum for discussing political matters is with regard to the after-service chats that are one on small informal groups. These women are able to hold small groups where they can chat and educate each other with regard to political matters. This makes it easier for

Religion Against Unjust Amirs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Religion Against Unjust Amirs - Essay Example According to Muslim traditional beliefs, Prophet Mohammed was instrumental in converting most of the Bedouins to Islam. The Bedouin warriors form the nucleus of the Muslim armies that repeatedly invaded Middle East and North Africa during the 7th century and later on. Both Bedouins and sedentary people are natural groups. Name any human group living in any geographical area; they need basic necessities of life and for this objective they continuously challenge the vicissitudes of nature. Bedouins are one of the grittiest tribes to make a living in the inhospitable conditions in the deserts, and yet they maintain the cultural traditions, social organizations that are the hallmarks of their tribes. Their lifestyles often change as per the changing conditions of the nature and they have perfected the art of adjusting to those conditions. Their priority is to meet the simple necessities of life first, but they are not averse to enjoy other conveniences and luxuries of life. Agriculture is the mainstay of the Bedouin tribes and all other ancillary activities are related to land and cultivation. Vegetables, grains (for private consumption as well as for trade barter), animal husbandry, bee-keeping and breeding silkworms for getting silk for the related products, are some other vocations which they pursue steadily. With the availability of vast tracts of lands, it is possible for the Bedouin tribes to conduct such activities. As such their movements remain restricted to the deserts and their contact with the outside world is hardly worth mentioning. Ibn Khaldun (2012) writes, â€Å"Their social organization and co-operation for the needs of life and civilization, such as food, shelter, and warmth, do not take them beyond the bare subsistence level, because of their inability (to provide) for anything beyond those (things)† (p.161). Simplicity is the self-imposed virtue with

How has Modern Technology improved Emergency Response Capabilities Assignment

How has Modern Technology improved Emergency Response Capabilities - Assignment Example The software development is focused to develop methods to generate high resolution fused data studies to create three-dimensional product view among other features for correct forecasting to generate accurate weather alerts, which is just one of the various features of the software development (NWS, 2012). Future is full of new possibilities in the fields of technology for emergency communication in the time of disasters. Technology advancements also offer new challenges to apply new innovations in the current Department of Homeland Security (DHS) programs. The ongoing communications programs need to be revised for assimilating future additions of modern technology. Cyber Security & Communications (CS&C) has always played a leading part in the overall security of the nation’s 18 important infrastructure divisions under Homeland Security President Directive-7 (HSPD-7). CS&C is behind all the government communications programs related to priority services such as GETS, which is a White House initiated emergency telecommunications service, offering communications support to all government and non-government missions (DHS News, 2012). Emergency management in the context of interstate collaboration can better help in making a quick response to catastrophic disasters. Such an agreement named the Emergency Management Assistance Compact (EMAC) is based on mutual help in collaboration with other states, facilitating states to take collective action against natural and human disasters, mostly before the availability of federal disaster assistance. Emergency management can be well understood by discussing EMACs call to Hurricanes Katrina and Rita to attend to the critical requirement for evaluation of emergency management at the local level. A studious evaluation of news reports, government papers, and reports from related organizations needs to be conducted to reach at some conclusion on the extent and way of EMACs execution and its conduct at the time of response functions.

Creation Of Pakistan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 5

Creation Of Pakistan - Essay Example On June 23, 1947, the partition of the subcontinent was announced by the British. It was then that the foundation of a new Islamic state named Pakistan was laid. This was considered to be a practical initiation of the creation of a brand new nation, whose values were laid on strong norms and beliefs. Pakistan’s Independence Day is celebrated on August 14 every year. This day is actually considered to be the celebration of the announcement of a country coming into being. The creation of Pakistan was not merely an idea. It, however, came into being when the first Muslim stepped on this piece of land. The independence day of Pakistan is celebrated on a grand scale by its citizens. The whole nation on this particular day shares the spirit of brotherhood, unity, serenity, comradeship and global peace. People must understand that the creation of Pakistan was not lesser than a miracle. It was the creation of the land where religions like Hinduism and Buddhism were rooted for thousand s of years. People didn’t even imagine that it is possible to conquer such a piece of land for the purpose of implementing the principles and teachings of Islam. It was in the 18th century when the people of the Arab countries including the Muslims were contributing their parts to flourish trade between different countries. It was then that the detention of a Muslim lady had been reported to Hajjaj Bin Youssef who was a great Muslim leader. He then sent a nuke youngster almost 17 years old named Muhammad Bin Qasim to invade the land and acclimatize the detained Muslim lady. Muhammad Bin Qasim the great Islamic warrior invaded and defeated Raju Dahir with a limited army and captured the Port of Debal which is now known as Karachi. It was then that the Muslim scholars began to arrive at the subcontinent. This can be considered as a great breakthrough towards the creation of a separate homeland for Muslims.

An analysis of The Case of Charles Dexter Ward Essay

An analysis of The Case of Charles Dexter Ward - Essay Example His work was known to inculcate pessimism and cynicism which are the opposite of the concepts and philosophies being promoted in his era such as Enlightenment, Romanticism, and Christian humanism (Lovecraft â€Å"Works†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Biography page 1). The novel â€Å"The Case of Charles Dexter Ward† is one of the famous novels of Lovecraft in the same atmosphere of horror and fantasy. It is about the main character Charles who became a mental case due to the results of his quest in knowing the life of one of his ancestors Joseph Curwen who was known for his evil activities during his lifetime. There are important points in the novel. One is the impact of fantasy in the novel, which can be considered as the focal point of the story. Without the magical and demonic return of the spirit of Curwen through Charles, the novel would have failed to progress. In any novel, there is a fight between forces of good and evil. And in relation to the common theme of Lovecraft’s works , cosmic horror had an important role and created confusion in the story as well. This can be observed on the decision of the main character to dedicate his life in finding Curwen inspired by the possibility of achieving his capabilities (Lovecraft â€Å"Works†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Biography page 1; Lovecraft â€Å"The Case†¦.† Part 1 Par. 6). The focus of the paper is the theme of the novel regarding education which is another important point in the works of Lovecraft. The story specifically pointed out the dangers of biased knowledge based on education focused on a singular aspect which is the quest for an ancestor and his capabilities. Analysis of the Dangers of Biased Education in the Novel H.P. Lovecraft is known for his... H.P. Lovecraft is known for his style of writing in the fantasy and horror fiction genre but most importantly he is known for the importance of education in the themes of his works. The Case of Charles Dexter Ward also shares the same theme. In the story, one of the most important elements that affected the fate of the main character is his biased knowledge due to the lack of balanced perspective. This ultimately resulted in his mental condition. Ward is a an educated person with a degree but â€Å"during the boy’s last year at the Moses Brown School, when he suddenly turned from the study of the past to the study of the occult, and refuse to qualify for college on the ground that he had individual researches of much greater importance to make† (Lovecraft â€Å"The Case†¦.† Part 1 Par. 6). This became the onset of his research on Joseph Curwen and the change in his behavior. One of the observed changes is the behavior and attitude of Charles is the neglect o f other areas of his life to pursue his quest for the occult. This is one of the most important evidence of the dangers of biased education. Due to his obsession to focus on one area of knowledge he underwent a self consuming form of one sided education which led to his mental condition and change in behavior. The behavior that was exhibited by Charles can be compared to brainwashing and other forms of influential effects wherein a person can be totally focused on a single activity, a single aspect of life or a single objective and block the rest.

Public Opinion Caused by News Media Essay Example for Free

Public Opinion Caused by News Media Essay Public opinion is a sensitive but important issue to consider. Taking into consideration relative literary works, this paper identified and presented that Bush’s war on terrorism policy is the best reason that resulted into the unfortunate negative public opinion towards U. S. Most importantly, this paper justified that it is the power of the media field that ultimately paved the way for anti-American public opinion about the said presidential strategy. War on Terrorism: The Anti-American Public Opinion Caused by News Media Public opinion, especially how people and societies view a particular leader and his policies, is undeniably an important factor of success or failure. Taking into consideration the sentiment of the public is supposed to be an ideal principle and practice for the government and leader of a country. This is because of the reality that public opinion significantly speaks of what and how the people and community think and feel thereby affecting a President’s management of a nation. Coupled however with the compelling nature and impact of mass communication, news media in particular; public opinion expectedly signifies and creates either an acceptance of or opposition to the decisions and policies of a leader. The media component has long been proven to be a vital ground that determined whether a country and its President are positively or negatively perceived by the public. In fact, with the enormous impact of news media, a leader as well as his strategies and judgments are scrutinized by the media and the subsequent news presentation results to either criticism or recognition. It is under such premises and circumstances that the government and his leader must highly regard what the news media can offer and eventually do. This is also under the principle that news media absolutely has the power to affect public opinion. With such influence, it will be empirically valuable for a President to formulate and perform his policies and course of action fundamentally in accordance to what and how news media views a specific event. It is therefore necessary and worthy for a President and his government to consider the established authority of news media to achieve a consenting public opinion otherwise any policy or decision, however good it is, may be opposed and paves the way to the downfall of the administration. Public Opinion, an Overview Prior to digging further into the issue of the significant influence of news media to what and how a leader and his policies are perceived, it is useful to initially learn and understand the nature and relative components of public opinion. In doing so, it is hoped that the true essence of public opinion is known and that the manner how it is shaped by news media is ultimately realized. Public opinion remains to be a relevant element which energizes the political field of one nation. This condition holds true for American politics judging from the persistent nature and indication of public opinion in the lives of American people and most importantly, with their leader and his policies. To be specific, public opinion manifests â€Å"What does the public think? † (Glynn, Herbst, O’Keefe, Shapiro Lindeman, 2004, p. 3). Public opinion is importantly considered because authorities are required to learn what kinds of ideas, policies and decisions that the public adheres to and uphold. Additionally, the thought and sentiment of the public are valuable factors which leaders regard in order to come up with acceptable, rational and effective undertakings. It is also through getting the public opinion that the government determines what endeavors will be agreed to or supported by the people. Hence, creating and implementing policies that are sure to conform to what people and the society think and feel are the very purposes of public opinion (Glynn, Herbst, O’Keefe, Shapiro Lindeman, 2004). Glynn and company further presented the three provisions that comprised public opinion. These included public opinion in the light of â€Å"politics, communication, and social process† (Glynn, Herbst, O’Keefe, Shapiro Lindeman, 2004, p. 4). The authors however signified that of the said three vital terms, it is public opinion in the context of communication that is most significant (Glynn, Herbst, O’Keefe, Shapiro Lindeman, 2004). They explained that while public opinion shapes the political and societal or cultural frameworks of a country, it is communication which established a difference. This is primarily based from the fact that public opinion is communicated and imparted both to people and societies based on the influence of the media profession. Aside from the generalized mass media and interpersonal communication, it is news media that is directly connected with public opinion. This is basically due to the field’s power to manipulate the minds and feelings of the public (Glynn, Herbst, O’Keefe, Shapiro Lindeman, 2004). â€Å"To See Ourselves as Others See Us† It is through Holsti’s (2008) â€Å"To See Ourselves as Others See Us† that the relationship between public opinion and both the local and international news media environments was analyzed and eventually recognized. A part of the Holsti book offered different several probable explanations and foundations of the nature and effect of public perspective. This is because such causes determined how an anti-American public opinion widely and deeply affected U. S. President George W. Bush and his policies after the country was struck by tragic terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001 (Holsti, 2008). As an offshoot of dreadful 9/11 terror assaults, the public opinion towards President Bush as well as his decisions and policies was attributed to several reasons. These included, but not limited to, the war on terrorism specifically against the country of Iraq. This issue relatively resulted into the reported violations supposedly committed by the administration against people’s basic rights such as the alleged use of too much force by American military. In the book, Holsti eventually noted that the presented explanations aggravated the anti-American public opinion. This is supposedly because the international news media influenced the public opinion thereby made the Bush policies and decisions unpopular especially those related with 9/11 (Holsti, 2008). If analyzed on a personal perspective, it is the war on terrorism particularly which targeted Iraq as â€Å"axis of evil† that made the most sense. From the variety of reasons that explained the breadth and depth of the anti-American public opinion resulting from the September 11 attacks, the Holsti book realized that it is indeed the war against terrorism specifically on Iraq that rationally described the negative opinion of people about Bush and his policies (Hoslti, 2008). In discussing the why and how the war on terrorism paved the way for the anti-American public opinion, the book relied and became firm on a condition which signified the connection between news media and public opinion. This is also because of the premise that we can only recognize ourselves based on how others view us. Hence, the Holsti book made the public realize that Bush’s policies and decisions concerning the war on terrorism are the ones that affected the reason and manner how Bush and his policies are viewed, first by the news media and eventually by people and the society, (Holsti, 2008). Holsti further stated that while survey and poll supposedly establish the ground of public opinion, such practices do not always and reliably manifest the entire or collective view of the public. This is because a leader such as Bush is more directed by â€Å"the national interest† that, in turn, is influenced by the structure of both the local and international news media. Such condition, in fact, signified a chain reaction and the link between public opinion and news media. Hence, the anti-American public opinion is shaped by how the news media presented the Bush’s policies specifically concerning its administration’s war on terrorism (Holsti, 2008). News Media’s View on War on Terrorism Caused Negative Public Opinion The title of this section appropriately described and logically explained the significant connection between the media and public opinion. Centered on the issue of war on terrorism, such link specifically proved and paid particular attention to the power or influence of international news media. This is basically based from the reality that the manner how media presented to the public the said policy created a significant effect on Bush and his policies. This particular principle was what Entman (2004) clearly and effectively exemplified in the book â€Å"Projections of Power: Framing News, Public Opinion and U. S. Foreign Policy. † In carrying-out and eventually recognizing the reality and harmful impact of news media on public opinion, the author discussed how Bush’s decision and policies towards engaging in war against terrorism was unfortunately taken against his administration (Entman, 2004). In the first part of the book, Entman initially presented the surrounding circumstances of the post September 11 terrorist attacks in the U. S. Relatively, the news media initially presented that such factors necessitated the undertaking of the war on terrorism policy. In fact, the book showed how such presidential strategy was tremendously approved and even supported by the public. This is because during its initial stage and precisely because the world is still fresh from the glaring outcome of 9/11, the public appreciated and realized the need for Bush and the country as well as even the worldwide community to embark on such daring policy (Entman, 2004). Noticeably, news media initially presented that it was only proper for Bush and his war on terrorism policy to be executed. Entman cited CBS news anchor Dan Rather who, after Bush made the said policy, offered to put on his combat uniform and said â€Å"George Bush is the president, he makes the decisions, and, you know, as just one American, he wants me to line up, just tell me where† (Entman, 2004, p. 1). Entman added that such kind of statement and other relative remarks symbolized the â€Å"patriotic fervor† manifested by the media as an aftermath of the 9/11 attacks and based from the intense speech of Bush (Entman, 2004). However, it is not all the time that the Bush administration got an ally in the person of Rather. Entman noted that this is because of the link between the content and purpose of a news media report and what the White House really required the media to present. Relatively, such connection or should it rather be said as conflict worsened the relationship between a free and impartial press and the Bush government that is bent to retaliate against terrorists under the leadership of Saddam Hussein while at the same time maintain a supposedly consenting public opinion (Entman, 2004). As the author further explained, a supposedly ideal affiliation between Bush’s war on terrorism policy and news media reporting does not exist in reality. This is because of the fact that the two entities treat each other in a remote way and definitely not in accordance with what is expected. As Entman specifically said: â€Å"†¦in practice, the relationship between governing elites and news organizations is less distant and more cooperative than the ideal envisions, especially in foreign affairs† (Entman, 2004, p. 2). Thus it was worthy to note that an originally ideal and useful leadership strategy, such as the principle and practice of engaging into war against terrorism by the Bush administration, unfortunately marred the President’s relationship with the media and negatively affected the public opinion towards him. Such condition also resulted from the premise that the field of media was restricted with the contents and purposes of its reporting in order for the government to maintain a cordial yet in reality, a cruel foreign approach resulting from the damages of 9/11 (Entman, 2004). Most importantly, it was the objective but painful presentations made by the international news media environment that inevitably resulted into an anti-American public opinion, criticisms against Bush war on terrorism in particular. When analyzed however, it is likely that the media side is more justified in its efforts and objectives in presenting the nature and effects of the government’s war on terrorism specifically against Iraq and Hussein. This is precisely because of the innate quality of the media to provide the public with fair and accurate reporting (Entman, 2004). The author further justified that despite the tragedies created by 9/11, it did not alter the expectedly conventional nature and standard of the media profession. As such, Entman maintained that: The attacks of September 11, 2001, may have â€Å"changed everything,† as a cliche’ of the time had it, but at least on first impression, one thing it did not change was the news media’s traditional promotion of patriotic rallies around presidents when America appears under attack. Reflecting the surge of outrage and nationalist fervor, the news made little room for any but official, government-sanctioned interpretations. Even the mildest dissent was immediately condemned. It would be unrealistic to expect much else in light of the stunning, unprecedented, and heinous nature of the violence. (p. 2) Ultimately, the Entman book imparted that the projection of power made by Bush and his war on terrorism policy, in the light of the 9/11 terrorists’ attacks, framed the way how news media adhered to uphold its natural reporting principles. In doing so however, it required the field to expose the glaring cruel objectives and implications of the said policy. By bravely, explicitly and objectively presenting the American war on terrorism, first against Iraq and Hussein and eventually with other terrorist-laden countries; the minds and sentiments of the people were opened and, unfortunately for the part of Bush and the entire nation, it resulted into an anti-American public opinion (Entman, 2004). Media Reports on Bush Policy Led to Anti-American Public Opinion At the onset, the power and eventual influence of media concerning how people think and feel was already presented. In the book â€Å"Framing Terrorism: The News Media, The Government and the Public, such premise or argument was emphasized by Norris, Kern and Just (2003). Beyond the supposed rational and righteous nature and objectives of the war on terrorism policy by the Bush administration, it is the instinctive and ethical attitude of the international news media community that prevailed (Norris, Kern Just, 2003). In particular, the authors maintained the position that it is the rightful obligation of the news media profession to provide the public with just and correct reporting. Regardless of the own authority of the government, the media is expected to present to people what are actually happening even if such conditions put the government in bad light. Hence, in the course of the mandate of the news media to report the nation’s engagement into war in Iraq and other â€Å"terrorists† nations, the human rights violations reportedly committed by American soldiers were exposed. While after the 9/11 attacks, the public opinion was collectively geared in favor of the government and its planned policies, the aftermath of such undertakings created bad impressions among people and eventually resulted into an opposing American public opinion (Norris, Kern Just, 2003). This condition is where the role and involvement of the news media field were highlighted. The authors made a clear position that in shaping the nature, circumstances and effects of terrorism, the news media industry definitely has a significant function in the manner how the government policy is criticized or accepted by the people. Ultimately, due to the undeniable violations and hostilities brought about by the said Bush war on terrorism policy, the news media played an important part in shaping the general perspective that eventually led to an anti-American public opinion (Norris, Kern Just, 2003). Conclusion It is now clear that the war on terrorism policy by the American government explained the extent and intensity of the negative public opinion. Beyond this however, it is the undisputable influence of news media that was identified as the best reason for the said opposing public perspective towards U. S and its president. Such condition is a sad but true occurrence that ultimately affected people’s view on Bush and his leadership style. References Entman, R. M. (2004). Projections of Power: Framing News, Public Opinion and U. S. Foreign Policy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Glynn, C. J. , Herbst, S. , O’Keefe, G. J. , Shapiro, R. Y. , Lindeman M. (2004). Public Opinion. Boulder, CO: West view. Holsti, O. R. (2008). To See Ourselves as Others See Us. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. Norris, P. , Kern, M. Just, M. R (2003). Framing Terrorism: The News Media, The Government and the Public. New York: Routledge.

Amalfi Restaurant: Leadership Strategies

Amalfi Restaurant: Leadership Strategies Provide leadership for a team in an organisation Unit 8493 About the company The Amalfi restaurant is a very famous in all over the New Zealand .it is 6 years old like there are many branch this restaurant all over New Zealand. This is branch is in Auckland there are total 15staff are working Iam the duty manager of over here.my work is to allocate duties to the staff member Iam very old employee here .we hire the employee after taking the interview and also giving the paid training of 2 weeks .we also help the people in their future time like in getting work permit and thing. We allocate the duties to the people according to the roasters. Now its time that we need to open another shop in Hamilton because our business is now taking a good step. The Amalfi restaurant is very famous in their best quality food and its affordable prices. My role at the above company is iam the manager of the above restaurant .i has been working as a manager and team leader for the past six years. I took Ove the past manager of the company few years ago. Now iam planning to build a new restaurant in Hamilton. We as the strive company in Auckland providing the best service by satisfy good customer services. The ultimate vision of my team Offer distinct, crave able fare prepared with premium quality ingredients that meet our exacting standards. Our attention to operational excellence, guest service, and product innovation keep our guests coming back for more. Amalfi values of Amalfi restaurant is to be the worlds best quality service restaurant .best quality means that providing outstanding quality, good customer service, cleaning so that we make every customer happy We give everyone a fair go and tell it is sound ethics is good business. At Amalfi restaurant we hold ourselves and conduct our business to the highest possible standards of fairness, honesty, and integrity.       Moreover as the manager of the above company I use democratic leadership style Democratic leadership, also known as participative leadership, is a type of leadershipstyle in which members of the group take a more participative role in the decision-making process. Everyone is given the opportunity to participate, ideas are exchanged freely, and discussion is encouraged. While the democratic process tends to focus on group equality and the free flow of ideas, the lead of the group is still there to offer guidance and control.The democratic leader is charged with deciding who is in the group and who gets to contribute to the decisions that are made. Researchers have found that the democratic leadership style is one of the most effective and leads to higher productivity, better contributions from group members, and increased group morale. Characteristics of Democratic Leadership Some of the primary characteristics of democratic leadership include: Group members are encouraged to share ideas and opinions, even though the leader retains the final say over decisions. Members of the group feel more engaged in the process. Creativity is encouraged and rewarded. Example of this kind of a situation where I would others staff having to make decision on my own without other staff having to contribute .Example of this kind of situation is when I as the head teacher would have to hold a meeting and talk about some working strategies that I would like to have in place at the tiny crawlers day-care centre. This is not so bad of a l1eadership style as the team would always adhere to whatever has been in placed because they feel that their voice are always heard whenever they bring up an idea or solution and so doing vice-versa when I as the leader make decisions. Democratic leadership style In democratic style involves a team guided by a leader where all individuals are involved in the decision-making process to determine what needs to be done and how it should be done. The groups leader has the authority to make the final decision of the group. Focus the discussionIn this style my job is balance being open to ideas and keeping everything on-topic. If the conversation begins to stray, remind everyone of the goal on hand and then steer it back. Make sure to take note of off-topic comments and try to return to them when they are pertinent. Be ready to commit In the democratic leadership style, we get presented with so many possibilities and suggestions that it can be overwhelming and difficult to commit. But as the leader, when the time comes, I have to choose and do so with conviction. The team depends on the clear and unambiguous mandates to be committed. Respect the ideasI and my team might not agree with every idea, and thats ok. It is important, however, that you create a healthy environment where those ideas are entertained and considered not maligned or the flow of ideas will slow to a trickle. Laissez-faire leader styleLaissez-faire empowering patterns of leadership behaviour. Group members under laissez-faire leadership reported more isolation from the leader and less empowerment in decision making than did those under directive leadership. The results suggested that laissez-faire leadership contributed to low cohesiveness of the group. As pager compared laissez-faire and empowering patterns of leadership and showed that laissez-faire leadership was associated with lower task motivation and lower satisfaction with superiors laissez-faire leadership was associated with the highest rates of truancy and delinquency and with the slowest modifications in performance. It is individual risk-taking behavior in group settings and the shift in risk-taking behavior when the responsibility for making decisions moved from the individuals to groups. They found that the shift in such behavior was more likely to occur in laissez-faire-led groups than in groups led by a democratic or auto cratic leader. The consensus seems to state a disassociation of laissez-faire leadership with leadership in general since it enhances unproductive attitudes and disempowerment of subordinates The way our staff handle customers along every step of their dining experience has an impact on whether youll retain that customer. If they werent greeted when they walked in and when they left, they might mention it in an online review. As the digital arena continues to grow, online reviews are consistently important to your success. Our restaurant follows different personal and working styles and knows the importance of hiring and training the right employees. Our restaurant recently hired one employee named Neelam and as per recruitment our company and its old staff is providing Neelam with necessary training. Our company offers great emphasis on our staff, it reduce costs over time and enhance our diners customer service experience. We pay extra attention when hiring new staffs once hired, we train our staff and offer training manuals, checklists, goals and incentives. Inspire your staff as well as your management team. Train them to address any situation, good or bad, that arises. Make sure they are enthusiastic and motivated to pursue your goals and adhere to your restaurants unique concept. Establish and maintain a solid management structure so everyone knows and understands their own, as well as their team members responsibilities. Your management team should be exemplary, committed, motivational and adept at running the restaurant in your absence. Another working style our company follows is that to involve everyone in the task as it is a restaurant business the workplace needs to be filled with different personalities can be great for a workplace because it allows there to be many different opinions and ideas. It is the duty of the team leader or the manager to see that everyone is in this together, its just important to remember that everyone is working towards the same thing the success of the company. Our restaurant appreciate employees who are passionate and have opinions about work, it means they care. Inconsistent styles that were present in our company was common when the team leader use to give directions or come up with new ideas the team members use to nod their head, but dont agree. Those employees gifted at empathy and afraid of conflict will never tell you to your face that they dont understand your direction or why youre acting out of character today. Instead, theyll simply nod and smile and youll think that means yes, they understand, and will take action, when theyre really simply trying to keep you from acting scary. Our team leader discovered this when actually those tasks were assigned to the team members and they were unable to complete the task. Section 2 Section 2: Team member issues How do you establish behavioural expectations and standards with your team? In the workplace I ensure that team member issues are recognised and addressed by acknowledging the issue, discussing the impact, agreeing to a cooperative process, communication and lastly resolving the issue between team members. For example: Mary and Lucy started an argument at the workplace. Mary comes to me to complain about the issue, saying that Lucy has a laid back attitude towards her responsibilities at the workplace. I then separately call Lucy into my office and discuss on the matter and the impact of her attitude towards her team member and the workplace as a whole. Having said this I then asked if she could be more cooperative at work and help her to work as a team with her team members. Lucy knew she was not contributing to the team so she decided that shell be more cooperative and perform her duties well to the best of her abilities. Therefor as the leader of my team I need to be able to recognised issues and help resolve it in every way possible. 2) How do you ensure that agree behavioral and standards are clear and concise? They should be reviewed if the employees job description is updated. The discussion of standards should include the criteria for achieving satisfactory performance and the proof of performance (methods you will use to gather information about work performance) Manner of Performance: Describes conditions in which an individuals personal behavior has an effect on performance, e.g., assists other employees in the work unit in accomplishing assignments Prioritize Your WorkGood work plan or action plan is one that details what needs to be done, when and by whom. Even if the project leader does not have one for the project, you should personally have one for all the projects you are involved. Assuming you are involved in more than one project, you need to prioritize your work.Know what needs to be completed by its deadline. Your work affects those who are on the team. One of the much good behaviour is to make sure the important work is completed on time so that the rest can carry out their duty smoothly and successfully. That contributes to the teams success and people will know you have work behavior that is reliable. They will begin to like you. Do More than TalkThe problem with a lot of executives is that they talk more than do. These people tend to confuse busyness with achievement. They feel the more they talk the more they have done. When in fact all it has accomplished is a waste of time. Stand around the pantry chatting away when that time can be put to better use? Have you tackled your to do list? I have seen many executives that have a long to do list that never seems completed by the end of the day. Needless to say, these people have behaviors that are talk more than do. If you want your colleagues to start liking you, then start doing more and talk less. Keep Others InformedOne of the many working behaviors that will impress your colleagues is the ability to keep those who are involved in the project at the appropriate time. It is safe to assume that we all work in collaboration with others in order to complete a particular job. Keeping others informed is part of good work behaviours that others appreciate. It allows them to pace their work and know what to expect. They know if your part of the work will be delivered earlier, later or delayed. By keeping others informed you are also managing their expectations. Managing your colleagues expectations is also key work behaviour. Part of keeping others informed is also to follow up on next steps. Do you need certain information from others? Do others need certain data from you in order to deliver their part? Was this agreed in the meeting earlier? Then follow up with what is required. There is no need to wait for others to ask before you follow up. Especially when it was already agreed. Performance improvement As the team leader I need to continue to motivate my team members to help them improve their own performance and this carried out by distributing evaluation forms to all members at the end of every probationary period. It is helpful to ask the team members to complete this form, so that I can be allowed to rate, showing areas of agreement or discrepancy. Monitor, but dont micromanage. Avoid close supervision; do not over boss; do not dictate. Help keep the team focused and on track. Communicate team status, task accomplishment, and direction. Intervene when necessary to aid the group in resolving issues. (centred) Decision Making Being the team leader I need to make sure that all team members take an active part in decision making and that no one is left out or feels diminished. Each team member thinks about the problem individually and, one at a time, introduces new ideas to the group leader without knowing what ideas have already been discussed. After the first two people present their ideas, they discuss them together. Then the leader adds a third person, who presents his or her ideas before hearing the previous input. This cycle of presentation and discussion continues until the whole team has a chance to add their opinions. The benefit of this process is that everyone feels heard and acknowledged. Once all of the ideas have been presented, the team can look at ways to narrow the options down, and make a decision. Enhance and support In the beginning of every year I will have to provide an action list to all the team members. This Action list is a list of tasks that theyll need to complete a simple task or objective. And as the team leader ill make sure that each member achieves the activities that theyve set by establishing team meetings and having them to share how far theyve achieved certain activities and also discussing on certain issues or difficulties they face at work and how we can resolve it. I could also enhance and support my teams performance if team members decides trying to achieve a similar goal again, I can tell them to revise their plan after the work is complete, and making a note of anything that they can do better when working on it. Mutual trust Lead by Example If you want to build trust within your team, then lead by example, and show your people that you trust others. This means trusting your team, your colleagues, and your boss. Never forget that your team members are always watching and taking cues from you take the opportunity to show them what trust in others really looks like.( Pat Mayfield, 2007) Communicate Openly Open communication is essential for building trust. You need to get everyone on your team talking to one another in an honest, meaningful way, and you can use several strategies to accomplish this. Know Each Other Personally One way to build trust is to encourage your team members to see their colleagues as people. Think about creating situations that help them share personal stories, and bond. Do this by asking sensitively about their family, or about their hobbies. Start by sharing some personal information about yourself, and then ask someone else about a hobby, or a musical interest. Discuss Trust Issues If you manage an established team that has trust issues, its essential to find out how these problems originate, so that you can come up with a strategy for overcoming them. Consider giving team members a questionnaire to fill out anonymously. Ask them about the level of trust within the group, as well as why they think theres a lack of trust. Once youve read the results, get everyone together to talk about these issues (but make sure that you respect the anonymity of the survey!) Effective team work Consider each employees ideas as valuable. Remember that there is no such thing as a stupid idea. Encourage trust and cooperation among employees on your team. Remember that the relationships team members establish among themselves are every bit as important as those you establish with them. As the team begins to take shape, pay close attention to the ways in which team members work together and take steps to improve communication, cooperation, trust, and respect in those relationships. (David S. Finch, 2007) Set ground rules for the team. These are the norms that you and the team establish to ensure efficiency and success. They can be simple directives (Team members are to be punctual for meetings) or general guidelines (Every team member has the right to offer ideas and suggestions), but you should make sure that the team creates these ground rules by consensus and commits to them, both as a group and as individuals. Encourage listening and brainstorming. As supervisor, your first priority in creating consensus is to stimulate debate. Remember that employees are often afraid to disagree with one another and that this fear can lead your team to make mediocre decisions. When you encourage debate you inspire creativity and thats how youll spur your team on to better results. (M Leonard, 2014) Section Three: Enhancing working relationships Open communication with individuals outside of my team As the head teacher of the tiny crawlers day-care I need to keep an Open Communication with my work associates. This is established with all day communication, whether were sending emails and IMs, or meeting face-to-face. The better and more effectively I communicate with those around me, the richer my relationships will be. A ll good relationships depend on open, honest communication. Communication with your team from outside information After gathering information from the work association I then host for a staff meeting at my workplace to discuss to them information that have been gathered from the association and that needs to be addressed to the staffs. Managing unresolved issues raised by team members by taking corrective actions. Dealing with ethical issue between two team members. Example: a European member discriminates about the customs and rituals of a Maori member. As the leader I will personally call the two individually and hear their side of their story. After having to listen to their share of story I will counsel both of them and to ensure that I keep an open communication with the management I will have to report the matter to them, so that they can be aware of all that is happening at the day-care. Team members not following organisation procedures. Example: a team member hardly listens to instructions and prefers to do things her own way. I would call this member into my office and discuss about the issues and try and motivate and help her be on the right track so that the team goal is achieved and less problems can arise within the team members. Therefor during the management meeting I will have to discuss all matters and issues at the day-care so that the management will get to know the type of common issues or problems faced by the team and be able to come up with ground rules to solve such issues and problems. Managing unresolved issues raised by people outside the team by taking corrective actions. Parental issue Example: a parent comes to complain that every time she comes to pick her child up from the centre she notices that her child is never kept clean, like her nose is never kept cleaned and dirty diaper remains unchanged. After receiving this complain from the parent I then decided to have a talk with the carer in charge of looking after the child, and discuss to her the issue being brought up by this parent. I will then tell her that she needs to be more responsible with her duties by making sure that she checks diapers every half an hour and change dirty diapers ASAP. As well as keeping them clean before their pick-up time so that parents are satisfied with the service. Such issues are discussed during the management meeting so that the management can also discuss on matters where they think the team must improve on. Child accident in the centre Example: a child injures himself while trying to slide from a 3 meter slide. I will call the carer in charge and tell her to be more vigilant with the whereabouts of the children. I will then take this matter up to the management to which they have decided that special precautions are to be taken when kids are outside especially if its places where it involves climbing. At least a carer must be outside to look after the kids to avoid such accidents from happening. Therefor whatever is being discussed by the management must be taken down to the team and discussed clearly so that everyone understands and will try to avoid accidents from arising. Conclusion. Our company The Amalfi Restaurant has a good reputation of selling different kinds of cuisine. Our restaurant offers authentic dishes to its customers and has a variety of range when it comes to dining out with family. Our restaurant has to offer for every ethnic group and offers a multicultural and friendly environment. Our restaurant has a good relationship with its suppliers and relies on them for good quality products. Reference http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/qshc.2004.010033 http://www.davidsfinch.com/2007/08/8-basic-strategies-for-effective-team-building.html https://www.monster.com/career-advice/article/6-steps-to-building-trust-in-the-workplace http://www.centerod.com/2012/02/leading-teams-today/ . Notice of Meeting for the Staff and Board Members of The Amalfi Restaurant Manuka 19thFebruary 2017 Notice is hereby given that a Board meeting will be held for all the Staff, Board Members of The Amalfi Restaurant Manukau will be held at 11:00am on the 19thof February, 2017. The meeting will be held at Manukau Institute of Technology. Staff and Board Members are required to sign the book at the reception before entering the conference room. The meeting is regarding our new branch setup in Botany Junction. Date of Notice: 13th February 2017 BY ORDER OF THE BOARD à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Kailash Raju manager Formal Meeting Notice of Meeting The agreement letter between Amalfi and apex building Apex building company For Amalfi Restaurant For The construction of a restaurant Prepared by Kailash For the Meetings with builders and restaurant owners Held in south hall Papatoetoe, Manukau Contract agreement between the Owner and the builder SECTION 1 DRAFT ARTICLES OF AGREEMENT (For Discussion only) Construction OF AGREEMENT MADE THE 16th day of April 2017. BETWEEN Amalfi restaurant and apex building company of (or whose office is situated at) (hereinafter called The Builder) of the other part. whereas the Owner is desirous of having a restaurant and its supporting infrastructure (hereinafter called the Works) constructed in accordance with the drawings and specifications approved by the Board and in accordance with the General Information at and the General Conditions of Contract And whereas the Builder has submitted his offer dated 16th December 2017 Offering to complete and construction work the Works upon the said conditions and in accordance with the Drawings and Specifications. And whereas the Owner has accepted the Builders offer conveyed in the said tender. Now it is hereby agreement as follows: For the consideration hereinafter mentioned, the Builder shall complete and maintain the Works subjected to the said Conditions of Contract and in accordance with the Drawings and Specifications. The Owner will pay the Builder the sum of ($ EC) 200,000 other sum as shall become payable in accordance with the said Conditions of Contract for the construction, completion, and maintenance of the Works. In witness hereof the parties have signed in the presence of the subscribing witness, Signed for and on behalf of the Owner by: Riteish Kumar Signature owner Kailash Raju In the presence of: Witness Krishna raj Wit Agreement between owner and barefoot and Thompson This Agreement is made on 14TH February 2017 between Name: Kim Samson Address: 1/10 Whitmore Road, Wellington, 1041 New Zealand and Name: Stella Valentine Address: 192 Cuba Street, Te Aro, Wellington, 1041 New Zealand. The seller owns and conducts a business of selling/renting properties, under the business of Barfoot and Thomson, 1/10 Whitmore Road, Wellington, 1041 New Zealand. For valuable consideration, the Seller agrees to sell and the Buyer agrees to buy business for the following price and on the following terms: 1. The Seller will sell to the Buyer, free from all liabilities, claims, and indebtedness, the Sellers business, including the premises located at 192 Cuba Street, Te Aro, Wellington, 1041 New Zealand. The Buyer agrees to pay the Seller the sum of $1.2 Million which the Seller agrees to accept as full payment. The purchase price will be allocated to the assets of the business. The $1.2 Million Promissory Note will bear interest at 12 percent (%)per year, payable monthly for years at 12 per month with he first payment due one (1) month after the date of closing. The Promissory Note will be pre-pay able without limitation or penalty. The Seller acknowledges receiving the Earnest money deposit of $80,000 from the Buyer. If this sale is not completed for any valid reason, this money will be returned to the Buyer without penalty or interest. This agreement will close on 16th /12/2017 This Agreement is governed by the laws of the State of New Zealand Dated: _01/03/2017 ____________ (Signature of seller) ______________ (Name of seller) ____________ (Signature of Buyer) ______________ (Name of Buyer) Justice of Peace: he/she is the person described in the above document and that he/she signed the above document in my presence. ___________ Signature of Justice of Peace) _____________ (Name of Justice peace) Date: __________ Agenda Meeting Agenda Objective: Date: 19th February 2016 Location: Manukau Institute Technology Time: 11:00am Meeting Type: Formal Meeting Secretary: kailashCalled by: kailash Time keeper: kaialsh Attendees: Shifa, Shina, , Shiwani, Baldev, Gurjinder, Preet, Antarpreet, Amanpreet, Sheroll, Jotishma, Kailash, Ritesh, Kishan, Pardeep, Jaskamal, Rishav Agenda Items. Apologies- Harveer Matters arising for discussion Setting up a new branch Location- Botany Junction Staff needed- Old Staff Assistant Manager Assistant cook 2 waiters Checkout operator New Staff 2 Chefs 1 waiter 1 Checkouts Operator Behaviour expectation from staff and training Need approval from the management

Robert Frosts Love and a Question, Mending Wall, and Home Burial Essay

Robert Frost's "Love and a Question," "Mending Wall," and "Home Burial" In Robert Frost’s poems â€Å"Love and a Question,† â€Å"Mending Wall,† and â€Å"Home Burial,† there is a significant barrier present between man and man or woman. Conflict between people is a major theme for these poems, and it alters the outcome of them. There is a great deal of tension present between the characters, causing unstable relationships, as well as a desire for no relationship at all. These three poems are based around knowing that conflict is inevitable, and it evidently causes a desire for little to no human interaction. In â€Å"Love and a Question,† there is tension between man and man and man and woman. The bridegroom is faced with a decision on whether to provide shelter to a stranger for the night and sacrifice quality time with his wife, or not let him stay and have a romantic evening with his wife as he originally planned. In â€Å"Mending Wall,† the speaker has trouble fathoming why his neighbor desires to have some separation from him. It seems that for the most part, the neighbor would rather be more in touch with nature than other human beings. In â€Å"Home Burial,† a husband and wife develop a barrier created by the death of their child. The wife is upset about her husband’s lack of emotion, which causes her to have thoughts in her head questioning the relationship she has with her husband. In the poem â€Å"Love and a Question,† there is conflict between man and man, as well as man and woman. According to Robert Frost’s wife, Elinor Frost, this poem describes â€Å"the dilemma a newly-married young farmer faces one cold evening when a tramp comes to his door and asks for shelter: should the farmer spoil his honeymoon by letting a stranger into his... ...wife hopes he to be, since he is unable to give her love unconditionally. In â€Å"Mending Wall,† the speaker wants to befriend his neighbor and tries to do so, but his neighbor would prefer not to interact. In â€Å"Home Burial,† the husband is clearly not what the wife wants him to be since he will not show emotion in front of her. I think these three poems are a perfect example of Frost’s attempt to create conflict between people. I feel like he creates conflict in his narrative poetry to draw in the interest of the reader. All three of these poems hold a question: Which type of love will the stranger choose? Will the speaker and the neighbor really remain separate? Will the relationship between the husband and wife survive? Though Frost never gives a direct answer to these barriers, he fully grabs the attention of the reader, thus making them eager for an answer.

President Abraham Lincoln :: Biographies Bio Biography

Abraham Lincoln was born February 12, 1809. His parents were Thomas and Nancy Lincoln. He was raised in a farm near Hodgenville, Kentucky. During his childhood Abraham was in the period of slavery, but the Lincoln family did not own any slaves, not only because they couldn’t afford it, but also his father Thomas did not approve of it. Later in 1816 the Lincoln family had to move to Indiana, near the Ohio River. Soon enough in 1818 Abraham’s mother, Nancy Lincoln, died of milk sickness. After the mother died, Thomas found a new wife named Sarah Bush Johnston. A few years later, the life in Indiana wasn’t as expected and the family had to move to Macon Country, Illinois. Abraham believed that he should be off by himself, and soon enough is what he did at the age of 23, and later he began his political career and became a member of the Whig party, and also a candidate for the Illinois House of Representatives. In 1832, after being fired from his job at a store, he decided to join the Illinois militia to help fight in the Black Hack war, and was chosen captain by his group. He served his country for 3 months, and it changed his life forever, because during the time he was in the militia, he saved an innocent Native American from being attacked from the other soldiers in the camp. When things were bad for him, he gave it his best to bring himself up again, and in 1834 Lincoln ran for state legislature, and in a few years he learned everything to become a lawyer and took an oath to the Illinois state bar. His life changed after that, and had many opportunities, even to run for governor of Illinois, but he declined it. Then in 1839 when he was at a cotillion in Springfield, he met the love of his life Mary Todd. She was from Lexington, Kentucky but from an upper class background. They were from different worlds, but they managed to work things out, and they married on November 4, 1842. The next year was their time of their life when they found out that Mary was pregnant with their son Robert, he was born August 1, 1843. Soon, they Lincoln family owned a house where they could have their own space, and a few years later, they had their second child named Edward on March 10, 1846.

Patch Adams

Patch Adams Patch Adams is very interesting to watch. From the beginning of the story, there is the willingness of the viewers to watch the movie till the end. It is simple but not on its meaning. It does not only talk about the life of patch, the doctors, patients, students but also the nurses who are always in the side of the patients. Its focus is more on personality. Meeting people that will pull you down then lift you up and changing their views is one of your amazing deeds and help.And even there are those people who helped you to build your dreams they must never be the reason to break it instead they will be the one who strengthen you to pursue it, even if they will be gone someday. It has a message that is no matter what; don’t let something to discourage you from what you love and who you are. It is not just any movie that will make you cry because of sad parts but because of the fact that even you have done good things it might followed by bad happenings. There are things that can not be prevented.It is the best example for many cases of being confused in oneself, not only in mental capacity of thinking but also the ability to know yourself. Patch was helped by this brilliant man, Arthur Mendelson, to see through problems which made me realize on simple things. Patch is not just an ordinary man. He knows the feeling when you give and help which gave him a reason to be a doctor. He might think of the wrong solution yet it led him to the corner of his way to the right direction. When Patch is treating patients in his clinic with his classmates as volunteers, he shows that we are a community that can help each other.There are these services that do not only look for payments but for the happiness and benefit they will bring to other people. He heals people in a beautiful way, more in a funny way. Breaking rules is not always a bad thing. Sometimes it will let you know that there are things not to be followed to have a better result. Maybe as a do ctor, you know everything in the book but what makes you sad is that you can’t even make an old woman to eat. You may have understood everything but how about to make someone eat? And as the main point for doctors, we should not just prevent death but also to maintain life.

Education of African American Male Students Essay

The Brown vs. the Topeka Board of Education was a landmark decision of the United States Supreme court which outlawed racial segregation within public education facilities. Segregation of public education existed until the Supreme Court considered arguments by the schools requesting relief concerning the task of desegregation. In Brown II, the Supreme Court delegated the task of carrying out the desegregation to district courts with orders that desegregation occur â€Å"with all deliberate speed† (The United States Supreme Court, 1954). This phrase â€Å"with all deliberate speed† was easier said than done. Segregation practices continued in America well after 1954. During these early years groups like The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), Southern Christian Leadership Conference, and The Nation of Islam emerged as the new lead organizations for the Civil Rights Movement. Leaders like Megar Evers, Malcolm X and Martin Luther King Jr. emerged all were assassinated before reaching the age of forty. These assassinations sparked the emergence of younger and more radical groups. Groups like the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee and the Black Panther Party had goals for education. The Black Panther Party created a comprehensive plan for improving their community. The plan was called the Ten Point Plan (Ten Point Plan, 1966). The Ten Point Plan stated: We believe in an educational system that will give to our people knowledge of self. If a man does not have knowledge of himself and his position in society and the world, then he has little chance to relate to anything else. (Ten Point Plan, 1966, p.1). The 1960’s were an era of great change in African American culture. This was also a time for new leadership in the African American community. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and Megar Evers had chosen to use a nonviolent approach. Malcolm X was more radical and was willing to use violence to get equal treatment. After all three leaders were assassinated; leaders such as Stokely Carmichael had a new concept of  what America should become. In 1968 Stokely Carmichael created the term institutional racism, which he defined as the collective failure of an organization to provide an appropriate and professional service to people because of their color, culture or ethnic origin. One of the new topics in education reform focused on how to educate African American males. Students in urban areas have been exposed to deteriorating conditions, which include overcrowded classrooms, limited funding for education, and unstable learning environments. In recent years the education of African American males has encountered several problems. Although 72% of African-American students in America graduate from high school, over 45% of African-American males drop out of high school (Green & Carl, 2000). Another problem is that one in four African American males are expelled from school each year. Additionally a disproportionate number of African-American males are in special education and remedial reading classes (Lee, Winfield & Wilson, 1991). According to Livingston and Nahimana (2006), Success with African-American males requires understanding the social context in which they exist. This journey of cultural understanding begins by recognizing preconceived assumptions about urban African-American male children, African-American children, particularly urban youth, are very keen on picking up the adult’s perception of them. Thus, understanding the behavior and dynamics of urban African-American families will greatly aid in understanding and educating the African-American male child. (p.210) Statement of the problem In recent years, there has been a trend of academic underachievement among African American males. Economic opportunities, lack of education, lack of father figures and the lack of understanding from the American society has damaged the self-esteem and the educational opportunities of young African American males. This research discussed the role that education has contributed to the underachievement of African American males in education. The purpose of this study was to review and analyze the data regarding the education of African American male students. Specifically, the study looked  at the factor impacting the education of African American male students. This results of this study aims to encourage and educate professionals by providing information and additional strategies in promoting the educational success of African American male students. The following research questions guided this study: 1. What factors have influenced the education of African American males? 2. How have historical perspectives regarding poverty in the African American community changed? 3. How have attempts to desegregate public schools in America operated? 4. What strategies can educators use to improve opportunities for African American male students? Limitations of Study This study was based on existing literature and research regarding factor impacting African American male students. The scope of data collection included journals, books, and articles dealing with African American male student. The literature consisted of a number of studies involving the African American family structure. Studies in the field of education often do not include a control group. Other sources describe recommendations or proposals that may correlate with successful implementation of various strategies, but do not have quantifiable data to support those models. The limitations that these factors bring include the amount of study and research that exists within the literature Research was confined to the past decade; with the exception of the historical aspects presented Definition of Terms Accountability: a policy of holding schools and teachers accountable for the academic progress students by linking such progress with funding for salaries, and maintenance Culture: refers to patterns of human activity and the symbolic structures that give such activity significance. Different definitions of â€Å"culture† reflect various theoretical bases for understanding, or criteria for evaluating, human activity. Institutional racism: the collective failure of an organization to provide an appropriate and professional service to people because of their color, culture or ethnic  origin. Poverty: the state or condition of having little or no money, goods, or means of support; condition of being poor; indigence. Public education: education mandated for or offered by the government to the children of the general public, whether national, regional, or local, provided by an institution of civil government, and paid for, in whole or in part, by taxes. The term is generally applied to basic education, K -12 education and primary and secondary education. Racism: a belief or doctrine that inherent differences among the various human races determine cultural or individual achievement, usually involving the idea that one’s own race is superior and has the right to rule others. Racial segregation: is characterized by separation of different races in daily life when both races are doing equal tasks, such as eating in a restaurant, drinking from a water fountain, using a rest room, attending school, going to the movies, or in the rental or purchase of a home. Urbanization: means increased spatial scale and/or density of settlement and/or business and other activities in the area over time. The process could occur either as natural expansion of the existing population (usually not a major factor since urban reproduction tends to be lower than rural), the transformation of peripheral population from rural to urban, incoming migration , or a combination of these. Design of the Study This study was descriptive in nature. All data were based upon research of available literature on the challenges of poverty and its role in the education of African American male students. Guiding questions were answered based upon a review of existing literature and research which addressed the factor impacting African American male students Literature on educational learning strategies were identified, studied and discussed. The information is presented in four chapters: Chapter One will consist of the introduction of the research paper. Chapter Two is the review of literature, outlining as pertinent to the research question. Chapter Three presents the analysis of the findings, and theme regarding the historical perspectives and impacting factors associated with the education of African American males. Chapter Four consists of a discussion including summary, conclusions, and recommendations. CHAPTER TWO REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE Introduction Before educators analyze the negative statistics for African American males, the fact that there have been successes must be realized. According to Livingston and Nahimana (2006), Success with young African-American males requires understating the social context in which they exist. This journey of cultural understanding begins by recognizing preconceived assumptions about urban African-American male children. African-American children, particularly urban youth, are very keen on picking up the adults’ perception of them, thus understanding the behavior and the dynamics of urban African-American families will greatly aid in the understanding and educating the African-American male child. Although the literature is quick to point out that many urban African-Americans are reared in single family home, one should not assume that there are not positive males in the child’s extended family. Uncles, grandfathers and even older male siblings can play an important role in aiding our work with students. ( p.210) There are several questions that could be asked about the education of African American males. According to Education Today (2007, p.22), â€Å"there is a new question that will be asked. Will we lose the next two or three generations, or possibly every generation of African-American boys hereafter to negative media, gangs, drugs, poor education, unemployment, father absence, crime, violence and death?† African American male students are faced with several challenges in education such as unemployment, housing, violence, incarceration, drugs, and education. According to Livingston and Nahimana (2006), â€Å"Educating young African American males has become an increasing concern for educators and human service professionals over the past 20 years. Disproportionate rates of school failure, dropout, and incarceration all speak to the need to develop interventions, which can account for the structural and ecological factors that impact African-American families and African-American children† (209). Even the United States Senate has noticed the new disturbing trend among African  American males. According to United States Senator Charles Schumer (D-NY) â€Å"in 1999, 65 percent of African-American male high school dropouts in their 20s were jobless. He added that by 2004, the share had increased to 72 percent, as compared to 29 percent of whites and 19 percent of Latinos.† Schumer also noted â€Å"the incarceration rate of young African-American males is at historic highs, more than half of African-American males do not finish high school, and an African-American man in his 20s without a high school diploma is more likely to be in jail than to be working† (Wright, 2007, p.4). Family Structure/Foundation In America, the traditional family structure consists of a mother and a father. According to May, â€Å"In the 1950’s the normative American family consisted of a breadwinner father, homemaker mother, and several children, all living in homes in the suburbs on the outskirts of a larger city. It was a narrow view of a model family, yet it pervaded the media and was widely accepted as the ideal and most normal† ( p.20). Today, the dynamic of the American family structure is much different. Bishop (1991, p 23 ) stated that â€Å"In the 1990s there are still traditional families with parents and children, but the definition of a family has broadened considerably. Children are raised by many varieties of caring adults: single parents, grandparents, kin-networks, homosexual couples, and others. Even traditional appearing families are often blended families of children from different biological parents.† African American families have similar dynamics. Billingsley (1968, p. 36) â€Å"identified three categories of African American families: primary families (e.g., two-parent), extended families (e.g., other relatives, in-laws), and augmented families (e.g., nonrelated individuals).† The structure of the African American family has not remained static over the years. According to Tucker and Mitchell-Kernan (1995) African American women are now twice as likely to maintain families solely then they were in 1940. Another trend involves women heading the household. According to Darity and Myers (1995, p. 1), â€Å"The rise in female-headed families among African Americans has been swift. Twenty-eight percent of African American families were headed by women in 1970, and 46% were female headed. This data make it clear that patterns of African American family formation have undergone substantial change over the past 50  years in a number of important aspects. The absence of fathers from the homes has been associated with delinqu ency. According to Auletta, â€Å"living in single-mother household has been suggested as a contributing factor in the development of adolescent problem behaviors† (p.23). There are other concerns with the African American family that involve marriage. According to Tucker and Mitchell-Kernan (1995), â€Å"the proportion of African American women and men who marry has declined by 20% over the past 50 years, compared to the general population that has remained steady. The combined impact of delayed marriage, more non-marriage, high divorce rates, and a high rate of births out of wedlock are observed as having a profound effect on family formation in the African American community. Four out of every 10 African American families have a woman maintaining the family without the support of another adult. These trends are directly related to the well being of African American families and communities. Unemployment In the African American community there are several challenges for young African American males. The lack of jobs has a lot to do with poverty and continues to plague the African American community. According to McAdoo (p. 15), High rates of unemployment have had a profound impact upon the African-American community. Discrimination, inequalities in hiring and recessions, plant closings, the removal of high paying, industrial and manufacturing jobs to rural America and Third World countries have removed a number of African-American males from the urban employment sector. Historically, the rate of unemployment among African-American men has been twice that of White America. On the east coast the unemployment rates are even more disproportionate. Currently in major urban cities like Philadelphia, Baltimore, and New York, 35-55% of African-American males between the ages of 18 and 35 are unemployed (National Urban League, 2005). According to Dubowitz (1999), â€Å"Currently 24.4% of African-Americans live in poverty as compared to only 8.2% of Whites and 22.5% of Hispanics.†(p.55)† There have been other studies that reveal males are more likely to remove themselves from their family when they are unable to provide financial support (Livingston & McAdoo, 1993). For African-American Families, and African-American male children in particular, high rates of male unemployment can create a context of fatherlessness, economic  instability, poverty, hopelessness characterized of manifested in children by low expectations, increased rates of high school drop out, and high rates of delinquency, which eventually assist in maintaining the context of persistent poverty (McAdoo, 1993). Unemployment can create multiple mental and psychological problems for African American male students Drugs in the African American Community There is an increased concerned about drugs in the African American community. In the African American community, children endure the most pain when fathers or brothers are missing because they are in jail. According to Newman (2005), â€Å"One reason why many fathers can’t be with their families is because of this country’s misguided war on drugs. Of the 2 million people behind bars in America, more than 450,000 are there for drug offenses. While drug abuse doesn’t discriminate, our drug policies do.† (pg12), Another statistic indicate that African Americans are more likely to go to jail for drug offences. According to Newman (2005,), â€Å"Despite roughly equal drug use between African-Americans and Whites, African-Americans are 13 times more likely to go to jail for drugs than Whites. In New York, 93% of the people in jail under the Rockefeller drug laws are African-American and Latino. Offering people treatment and help instead of incarceration for th eir drug addictions would not only save this country much-needed resources, it would help keep thousands of fathers with their families.†(pg12) There is another puzzling situation in the low-income African American community related to drugs. There are higher risk factors that create an environment more conducive to drug abuse and incarceration. According to Schensul (2005, p.39), â€Å"The drug use of low-income African American emerging adults is more troublesome because those protective factors associated with the role changes that mark emerging adulthood in middle class white youths and many youths of color are not necessarily available to poor young people.† These statistics reflect a correlation between income, drugs, and possible incarceration. Schensul (2005) noted that urban low-income youths experience many of the same developmental transitions as their middle-class counterparts. Some of the factors that promote drug use include increased residential instability, expanded and diversified social networks, exposure to high risk settings, and negative  social influences that support and promote the use of drugs and alcohol. However, urban students are subject to inadequate primary and secondary school education, family stressors stemming from the vagaries of impoverishment and government social policies, limited local professional role models, and few job opportunities that guarantee salaries and benefits above the poverty level. Material goods can also play a key role in the lifestyle of young African American males. According to McCord, J. (1990,), Sometimes there are families struggle that are related to school life (fashionable clothing and social life) but may not be able to do so for emerging adults whose financial needs are increasing. Selling marijuana is an option for intermittent income supplementation, and many youths have friends or relatives who are in a position to supply them with small amounts from time to time. Once involved in drug selling networks, youths can move to selling additional drugs if they believe it is reasonable to accept the associated risks. This means that students are willing to take unnecessary risk.(pg 35). Crime and Violence in the African American Community In the African American community there is a mistrust of law enforcement. According to McCord, (1990), Unlike suburban White youths, however, African American and Latino youths are targets for street violence, arrest, and police harassment and abuse. Once imprisoned, or on parole as adults, their institutional record may preclude voting and render them ineligible for employment opportunities. Imprisonment may introduce them to gang members or prospective customers. (p. 44) Studies also revealed that certain minority youth are at greater risk for violent behaviors. According to Fitzpatrick and LaGory (2000,), â€Å"Specifically, African-American adolescents are more likely than White, Hispanic, or Asian youth to instigate physical fighting and weapon-related violence and to suffer both fatal and nonfatal injuries from physical assaults. Not only are minority youth at greater risk for victimization by aggressive peers, they are more likely to perpetrate violence.†(p. 21) African Americans are at higher risk to have more fatal injuries than Whites. This results in higher homicide rates. Many prominent African Americans have shown concern about young African American students. The most notable of the critics, Bill  Cosby, has been vocal regarding the number of African-American men who are incarcerated and the growing number of poor African-American children who are being raised by irresponsible parents. Cosby publicly chastised many in the African-American community for not doing enough to deal with critical problems and issues, such as illiteracy, poverty, crime and violence, which remain challenges in the African American community. Cosby told a packed crowd gathered at a 50th anniversary celebration commemorating the Brown v. Board of Education decision â€Å"the ladies and gentleman of the lower economic people are not holding up their end in this deal.† These people are not parenting. They are buying things for kids — $500 sneakers for what? And yet they won’t spend $200 for Hooked on Phonics† (Watson, 2004, p. 10), Even though Cosby’s statements were harsh, they created a debate, which stirred conversation in the African American community. Incarceration According to Kunjufu (2001, p. 15 ), â€Å"over the past twenty years there has been a decline in violent crime in the United States. But in the African American community there has been an opposite trend. There are several factors that cause these trends, including poverty, family structure, high unemployment rates, crime, drugs and education.† Kunjufu also reported that African-American males in juvenile detention centers and prison have increased in recent years. Each year, thousands of young boys are placed in detention centers and adult facilities. Although African American males comprise only about 6% of the population of the, they represent over 50% of the penal population (Kunjufu, 2001). There are several other statistics that prove alarming to the African American community and the rest of the citizens in the United States. According, to Kunjufu â€Å"Currently one in three Africans American males between the ages of 20-29 is either in jail or on probation. The overwhelming majority of these men have been arrested and detained due to drug convictions.† (p. 26), Another statistic is that there are major inequities when it comes to sentencing of African American males. According to Livingston and Nahimana, â€Å"inequities in sentencing have lead to longer jail and prison terms for these young men at the most malleable period in their development. The return into the drug trade and the life of crime becomes a viable choice for many of these young men, accounting for the high rates of recidivism for  young African American males† (p.11). This is alarming because of high unemployment and limited education as well as the fact that prior conviction can lead to long term prison. The incarceration of African American males has had a dynamic effect on the community. According to Arias (2007), â€Å"The overwhelmingly high rate of incarceration among African-American men in America is striking a blow not only to the health and well-being of those men but also to their families and communities.† (p.20) This study reported that 12% of young African American males between the ages of 20-39 have been taken out of the household. This places a tremendous strain on African American women to take care of the household. Another staggering statistic is that only 62 percent of African American males graduate from high school. According to National Urban League Panel (2005, p.1), On average, only 62 percent of African-American males graduate from high school with their original class. African-American males make up only 6 percent of the United States population, but 40 percent of the prison population. Forty percent of those African-American inmates are between the ages of 17 and 26. (National Urban League Panel,). The age group between 17 and 26 is the age group that will likely attend college. If these current trends continue, there will be a tremendous increase in the number of African American males incarcerated. According to Pluviose (2006,)â€Å"by 2020, if current trends hold, that figure will rise to more than 65 percent for African-American men between the ages of 20 and 29.† (p. 22), These figures illustrate a tremendous need for employment and educational programs. The prison rate of African American males has had substantial economic impact on the African-American community. According to Holmes and Hughes (2003, p. 44), â€Å"incarceration rates in the United States, prison and jail inmates at midyear in 2002, reported that 12.9% of African-American males between the ages of 25 and 29 were incarcerated.† Segregated Schools What would Horace Mann think about the state of education today? Horace Mann was the father of the American school system. According to Hubbard (2005), Horace Mann believed that the common schools should be available to everyone. He wanted them to be available to people that were rich, poor, and of different backgrounds. As mentioned earlier Brown vs. the Board of Education was a landmark decision of the United States Supreme Court which outlawed racial segregation within public education facilities. In Brown II, the Supreme Court delegated the task of carrying out the desegregation to district courts with orders that desegregation occur â€Å"with all deliberate speed† (The United States, 1954). The current challenge that urban education face is called the No Child Left Behind Act. According to The United States Department of Education (2007) â€Å"No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (Public Law 107-110), commonly known as NCLB, is a United States federal law that was passed in the House of Representatives on May 23, 2001. This law was signed on January 8, 2002, and reauthorized a number of federal programs aiming to improve the performance of United States primary and secondary schools by increasing the standards of accountability for states, school districts and schools, as well as providing parents more flexibility in choosing which schools their children would attend. Additionally, NCLB promotes an increased focus on reading and re-authorizes the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 (NCLB, 2007). One of the many challenges with No Child Left Behind is that the goals are commendable, but the expectations are unreasonable because of the deterioration of the urban schools school district. The next challenge in urban education the education of African American males. According to Misani (2007,) â€Å"nationally between one-half and two-thirds of African male students drop out of school.† In addition, the research disclosed a 65 percent dropout rate in Chicago, with only 35 percent of African-American male students graduating from high school. In New York, the dropout rate is 74 percent, with merely 26 percent of African-American male students graduating.† p. 34) This is a tragic situation in urban schools when nearly seventy five percent of the African American male students are not graduating. According to Smith (2005, p. 27), â€Å"the drop out rates for African American males in metropolitan areas is well over 50 percent. Another trend is that some African American males believe that it is easier to drop out than to complete high school Bowye (2007, p.3) stated, â€Å"It is  most disturbing that dropping out of high school is more common than graduating from high school for children of color.† Focusing on another disconcerting trend within the community for African-American young men, Dr. Hodge pointed out: â€Å"Going to jail is becoming the common experience for children of color† (Misani, 2007, p.35). If African American children continue to think this way, many are headed for prison and the crime rate will steadily increase in these areas. There is also a problem when it comes to the placement of African American males in education. There are disproportionate numbers of African American males placed in special education and suspended from school. According to Rodney and Crafter (1999, p.185), â€Å"Nationally African American males score lower than any other groups on standardized test and are three times more likely than their Caucasian American counterparts to be misplaced in special education or classes for slow learners.† When situations like this continue to occur students feel neglected and are more likely to drop out of school. Many African American students think that the American educational system is unfair. According to Misani (2007, p. 34), â€Å"African-American boys are disproportionately and inappropriately assigned to special education classes, expelled and suspended from school, and underrepresented in college preparatory classes.† Consequently the study concluded: â€Å"Many of those who graduate are not prepared for college or further educational training.† (Misani, 2007 p.34) African American males represent 8.6 % of the nation’s public students in 2000-2001, but in some districts, they make up as much as 41 percent of the special education population (Smith, 2005).